Micro and Nano Scale NMR

This must-have book is the first self-contained summary of recent developments in the field of microscale nuclear magnetic resonance hardware, covering the entire technology from miniaturized detectors, the signal processing chain, and detection sequences. Chapters cover the latest advances in interventional NMR and implantable NMR sensors, as well as in using CMOS technology to manufacture miniaturized, highly scalable NMR detectors for NMR microscopy and high-throughput arrays of NMR spectroscopy detectors.

Autorentext
Jens Anders obtained his PhD from the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland, in 2011. He then joined the Institute of Microelectronics at the University of Ulm, Germany, first as a group leader and since 2013 as assistant professor. Prof. Anders is the recipient of several awards including the E.ON Future Award 2007, the VDE ITG ISS Study Award 2008 and the VDE Outstanding Publication award 2012. His main research interests include electronics for biomedical and materials science applications, mixed-signal circuit design, and the modeling of nonlinear circuits and systems in the absence as well as in the presence of noise.
Professor Anders has authored more than 90 scientific publications.

Jan Korvink obtained his PhD from the ETH in Zurich, Switzerland, in 1993. In 1997 he moved to the Albert Ludwig University in Freiburg, Germany, where for 18 years he was professor for microsystems engineering. From 2007 to 2013 he was a director of the Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies. Since April 2015 he is Professor and director of the Institute of Microstructure Technology at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology. His research interests cover the development of ultra low cost micromanufacturing methods, microsystem applications in the area of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy, and the design and simulation of micro- and nano-systems. He is a recipient of the European Research Council's Advanced Grant for the development of an NMR metabolomic analyser for the nematode C. elegans. He has also been awarded a Red Dot Design Concept Prize in the area of NMR hardware.
Professor Korvink has authored more than 300 scientific publications, and was a founding editor of this book series.

Inhalt

Editor's Preface xiii

Series Editor's Preface xv

**1 Magnets for Small-Scale and Portable NMR 1
**Bernhard Blümich, Christian Rehorn, and Wasif Zia

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Compact Permanent Magnets 3

1.2.1 Types of Permanent Magnets 3

1.2.2 Stray-Field Magnets 5

1.2.2.1 Classification 5

1.2.2.2 Magnets for 1D and 2D Imaging 6

1.2.2.3 Magnets for Bulk-Volume Analysis 7

1.2.3 Center-Field Magnets 9

1.3 Magnet Development 10

1.3.1 PermanentMagnet Materials 10

1.3.2 Magnet Construction and Passive Shimming 11

1.3.3 Overview of Center-field Magnets for Compact NMR 11

1.3.4 Strategies for Passive Shimming 13

1.3.5 Shim Coils for Compact NMR Magnets 14

1.4 Concluding Remarks 16

References 16

**2 Compact Modeling Techniques for Magnetic Resonance Detectors 21
**Suleman Shakil,Mikhail Kudryavtsev, Tamara Bechtold, Andreas Greiner,mand Jan G. Korvink

2.1 Introduction 21

2.2 Fast Simulation of EPR Resonators Based on Model OrdermReduction 22

2.2.1 The Discretized Maxwell's Equations 23

2.2.2 Model Order Reduction 29

2.2.3 Structure-PreservingModel Order Reduction 33

2.2.4 Planar Coil EPR Resonator 34

2.3 System Level Simulation of a Magnetic Resonance Microsensor bymMeans of ParametricModel Order Reduction 39

2.3.1 Model Description 40

2.3.2 ParametricModel Order Reduction 43

2.3.3 Compact Model Simulation Results 46

2.3.4 DeviceCircuit Co-simulation 46

2.4 Conclusions and Outlook 54

References 55

**3 Microarrays andMicroelectronics for Magnetic Resonance 59
**Oliver Gruschke, Mazin Jouda, and Jan G. Korvink

3.1 Introduction 59

3.2 Microarrays for Magnetic Resonance 59

3.2.1 Theoretical Background 59

3.2.2 Microtechnologies for MR Array Fabrication 61

3.3 Integrated Circuits 63

3.4 CMOS Frequency Division Multiplexer 64

3.4.1 The Low-Noise Amplifier 64

3.4.2 The Frequency Mixer 65

3.4.3 The Bandpass Filter 66

3.4.4 Measurements 67

3.4.4.1 MRI Experiment 68

3.5 Summary 70

References 70

**4 Wave Guides for Micromagnetic Resonance 75
**Ali Yilmaz andMarcel Utz

4.1 Introduction 75

4.2 Wave Guides: Theoretical Basics 78

4.2.1 Propagating Electromagnetic Modes 78

4.2.2 Characteristic Impedance and Transport Characteristics 79

4.2.3 Theory of TEMWave Modes 79

4.2.4 Modeling of TEM Modes 80

4.2.4.1 Losses in Transmission Lines 82

4.2.5 Magnetic Fields in Planar TEM Transmission Lines 82

4.2.6 Transmission Line Detectors and Resonators 83

4.3 Designs and Applications 84

4.3.1 Microstrip NMR Probes in MRI 84

4.3.2 Microfluidic NMR 87

4.3.3 Planar Detectors 87

4.3.4 Microstrip Detectors 88

4.3.5 Nonresonant Detectors 90

4.3.6 Stripline Detectors 92

4.3.7 Parallel Plate Transmission Lines 96

4.3.8 Applications in Solid-State Physics 97

4.3.9 Wave Guides for Dynamic Nuclear Polarization 98

References 100

**5 Innovative Coil Fabrication Techniques for Miniaturized Magnetic Resonance Detectors 109
**Jan Korvink, Vlad Badilita, DarioMager, Oliver Gruschke, Nils Spengler, Shyam Sundar Adhikari Parenky, UlrikeWallrabe, andMarkusMeissner

5.1 Wire-Bonding A New Means to Miniaturize MR Detectors 109

5.2 Microcoil Inserts for Magic Angle Spinning 114

5.2.1 Backbone of the Magic Angle Coil Spinning (MACS) Technique 115

5.2.2 Cost of Inductive Coupling 116

5.2.3 Demonstrating the Improved Sensitivity of the MACS Technique from NMR Experiments 118

5.2.4 Microfabricated MACS Inserts 118 5.2.5...