Visions of Women

People of Socrates' time were frequently aghast at the questions he would ask. Their responses were of the sort elicited by very dumb or ex­ tremely obvious questions: "Don't you know? Everyone else does. " Socrates was hardly alone in his knack for asking such questions. Phi­ losophers have always asked peculiar questions most other people would never dream of asking, convinced as the latter are that the answers were settled long ago in the collective "wisdom" of society, including ques­ tions about woman: should women be educated? should they rule socie­ ties? should they be subordinate in marriage? do women and men have the same virtues, or are there separate virtues for each? which of the dif­ ferences between women and men are conventional, and which are natu­ ral? is there a woman's work? do women and men have different types or degrees of rationality? Philosophers of the most diverse periods have raised these questions and their answers were often quite creative, not merely reflecting the conventions and mores of their societies. With the publication of this anthology, their writings will be brought together in a single volume for the first time. This anthology differs from others not just in its inclusiveness. It also contains several translations of material previously unavailable in English.

Inhalt

Plato.- Meno.- The Republic.- Timaeus.- Laws.- Xenophon.- Economics.- Aristotle.- Generation of Animals.- History of Animals.- Nichomachean Ethics.- Politics.- On Poetics.- C. Musonius Rufus.- "That Women Too Should Study Philosophy".- "Should Daughters Receive the Same Education as Sons?".- "On Sexual Indulgence".- "What Is the Chief End of Marriage?".- "Is Marriage a Handicap for the Pursuit of Philosophy?".- Quintus Septimus Florens Tertullian.- The Apparel of Women.- Jerome (Eusebius Hieronymus).- Letters.- Against Jovinianus.- Aurelius Augustine.- The City of God.- "Adultrous Marriages".- Peter Abelard.- "Touching the Origin of Nuns".- Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon).- The Book of Women.- Thomas Aquinas.- The Summa Theologica.- Thomas More.- Utopia.- Letters.- Desiderius Erasmus.- In Praise of Folly.- "The Abbot and the Learned Woman".- Luis Vives.- Instruction of a Christian Woman.- The Learning of Women.- Michel de Montaigne.- "Of Friendship".- "Of the Affection of Fathers for Their Children".- "Of Three Kinds of Association".- "On Some Verses of Virgil".- Thomas Hobbes.- Philosophical Elements of a True Citizen.- The Elements of Law.- Baruch Spinoza.- Tractatus Politicus.- John Locke.- Essay Concerning the True Original, Extent, and End of Civil Government.- David Hume.- A Treatise of Human Nature.- "Of the Rise and Progress of the Arts and Sciences".- "Of Essay Writing".- "Of Love and Marriage".- "Of The Study of History".- Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montisquieu.- Persian Letters.- The Spirit of Laws.- François-Marie Arouet Voltaire.- "Women".- Denis Diderot.- "On Women".- "Woman".- Letter to his Daughter.- Jean-Jacques Rousseau.- "On Women".- A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality.- A Discourse on Political Economy.- Emile.- Marie-Jean-Antoine-Nicolas Caritat, Marquis de Condorcet.- On the Admission of Women to the Rights of Citizenship.- Letters from a Dweller in New Heaven to a Citizen of Virginia.- Mary Wollstonecraft.- Vindication of the Rights of Woman.- Immanuel Kant.- The Philosophy of Law.- Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and the Sublime.- Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View.- J. G. Fichte.- The Science of Rights.- G. W. F. Hegel.- The Phenomenology of Mind.- Philosophy of Right.- Arthur Schopenhauer.- "On Women".- "Position, or a Man's Place in the Estimation of Others".- "Ideas Concerning the Intellect".- "On Jurisprudence and Politics".- "Psychological Remarks".- The World as Will and Idea.- Auguste Comte.- The Positive Philosophy.- System of Positive Philosophy.- John Stuart Mill.- The Subjection of Women.- Frederick Engels.- The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State.- Søren Kierkegaard.- Stages of Life's Way.- Works of Love.- Journals and Papers.- Margaret Fuller Ossoli.- Woman in the Nineteenth Century.- Lucretia Mott.- "Discourse on Woman".- Friedrich Nietzsche.- "The Greek Woman".- Beyond Good and Evil.- Human, all-too-Human.- The Joyful Wisdom.- Thus Spake Zarathustra.- The Twilight of the Idols.- The Antichrist.- Ecce Homo.- The Will to Power.- V. I. Lenin.- "The Tasks of the Working Women's Movement in the Soviet Republic".- Josiah Royce.- Letter.- On Certain Limitations of the Thoughtful Public in America.- William James.- The Principles of Psychology.- Review: Bushnell's Women's Suffrage and Mill's Subjection of Women.- Emily James Putnam.- The Lady.- Emma Goldman.- "Victims of Morality".- "The Tragedy of Woman's Emancipation".- "The Traffic in Women".- "Marriage and Love".- Anna Garlin Spencer.- Woman's Share in Social Culture.- Charlotte Perkins Gilman.- Women in Economics.- The Home.- The Man-Made World.- His Religion and Hers.- George Santayana.- The Life of Reason.- Otto Weininger.- Sex and Character.- Bertrand Russell.- Marriage and Morals.- Max Scheler.- "Toward an Idea of Man".- "On the Meaning of the Women's Movement".- C. S. Lewis.- Letter to Eddison.- Mere Christianity.- Simone de Beauvoir.- The Ethics of Ambiguity.- The Second Sex.- José Ortega y Gasset.- Man and People.- On Love.- Julián Marías.- Metaphysical Anthropology.- Maryellen MacGuigan: "Is Woman a Question?".