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This series of books collects a diverse array of work that provides the reader with theoretical and applied information on data analysis methods, models and techniques, along with appropriate applications. Volume 2 begins with an introductory chapter by Gilbert Saporta, a leading expert in the field, who summarizes the developments in data analysis over the last 50 years. The book is then divided into four parts: Part 1 examines (in)dependence relationships, innovation in the Nordic countries, dentistry journals, dependence among growth rates of GDP of V4 countries, emissions mitigation, and five-star ratings; Part 2 investigates access to credit for SMEs, gender-based impacts given Southern Europe's economic crisis, and labor market transition probabilities; Part 3 looks at recruitment at university job-placement offices and the Program for International Student Assessment; and Part 4 examines discriminants, PageRank, and the political spectrum of Germany.
Autorentext
Christos H. Skiadas is the Founder and former Director of the Data Analysis and Forecasting Laboratory at the Technical University of Crete, Greece. He continues his work at the university at the ManLab in the Department of Production Engineering and Management.
James R. Bozeman holds a PhD in Mathematics from Dartmouth College, USA, and is Professor of Mathematics at the American University of Malta.
Inhalt
Preface xi
Introduction xiii
Gilbert SAPORTA
Part 1 Applications 1
Chapter 1 Context-specific Independence in Innovation Study **3
**Federica NICOLUSSI and Manuela CAZZARO
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Parametrization for CS independencies 4
1.3 Stratified chain graph models 6
1.4 Application on real data 7
1.5 Conclusion 12
1.6 References 12
Chapter 2 Analysis of the Determinants and Outputs of Innovation in the Nordic Countries **15
**Cátia ROSÁRIO, António Augusto COSTA and Ana LORGA DA SILVA
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Innovation 16
2.3 Methodology 19
2.4 Results 21
2.5 Conclusion 25
2.6 References 26
Chapter 3 Bibliometric Variables Determining the Quality of a Dentistry Journal **29
**Pilar VALDERRAMA, Manuel ESCABIAS, Evaristo JIMÉNEZ-CONTRERAS, Mariano JVALDERRAMA and Pilar BACA
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 Statistical methodology 30
3.3 Results 32
3.4 Conclusions 35
3.5 Acknowledgment 35
3.6 References 36
Chapter 4 Analysis of Dependence among Growth Rates of GDP of V4 Countries Using Four-dimensional Vine Copulas **37
**Jozef KOMORNÍK, Magda KOMORNÍKOVÁ and Tomá BACIGÁL
4.1 Introduction 37
4.2 Theory 38
4.3 Results 42
4.4 Conclusion and future work 45
4.5 Acknowledgment 47
4.6 References 47
Chapter 5 Monitoring the Compliance of Countries on Emissions Mitigation Using Dissimilarity Indices **49
**Eleni KETZAKI, Stavros RALLAKIS, Nikolaos FARMAKIS and Eftichios SARTZETAKIS
5.1 Introduction 49
5.2 The proposed method 50
5.2.1 Description of method for individual data 51
5.2.2 Description of method for grouped data 52
5.3 Application of method 53
5.3.1 Application of method for individual data 54
5.3.2 Application of method for grouped data 55
5.4 Conclusions 55
5.5 Appendix 57
5.6 References 58
Chapter 6 Maximum Entropy and Distributions of Five-Star Ratings **59
**Yiannis DIMOTIKALIS
6.1 Introduction 59
6.2 Entropy framework to five-star ratings 60
6.3 Maximum entropy of ratings for values k = 1,2,3,,30 66
6.3.1 Ratings with two outcomes (k = 1) 66
6.3.2 Ratings with three Outcomes (k=2) 69
6.3.3 Ratings with four outcomes (k=3) 73
6.3.4 Ratings with five outcomes (k = 4) 76
6.3.5 Ratings entropy for outcomes k>4 80
6.3.6 Maximum entropy constraints for the binomial distribution 82
6.4 Application to real five-star rating data 83
6.5 Conclusions 86
6.6 References 86
Part 2 The Impact of the Economic and Financial Crisis in Europe 89
Chapter 7 Access to Credit for SMEs after the 2008 Financial Crisis: The Northern Italian Perspective **91
**Cinzia COLAPINTO and Mariangela ZENGA
7.1 Introduction 91
7.2 Italian SMEs and access to credit 92
7.3 The data 93
7.4 Methodology 94
7.5 Analysis and discussion 97
7.5.1 The measure for the Great Recession period (20082012) 97
7.5.2 The measure for the recovery period (20132015) 99
7.5.3 Comparing the two crisis phases 102
7.6 Conclusion 105
7.7 References 105
Chapter 8 Gender-Based Differences in the Impact of the Economic Crisis on Labor Market Flows in Southern Europe **107
***Maria ...