Solar and Heat Pump Systems for Residential Buildings

Die Kombination von Wärmepumpen und Solarthermie ist eine relativ neue Entwicklung und hat großes Potenzial, die Energieeffizienz von Heizungs- und Warmwasseranlagen wesentlich zu erhöhen. Damit kann die Gesamtenergiebilanz eines Gebäudes entscheidend verbessert werden.
Das Buch ist ein Leitfaden für Entwurf, Simulation, Monitoring und Evaluation von Systemen aus Wärmepumpen und Solarthermie. Verschiedene Systeme werden verglichen und hinsichtlich ihrer Leistungsfähigkeit analysiert. Ergebnisse von Simulationen und Labortests werden ebenso beschrieben wie die Erfahrungen aus gebauten Projekten. Somit ermöglicht es dem Leser, entsprechend der jeweiligen Randbedingungen seines Projektes das effizienteste System zu entwerfen.
Dieses Buch ist das erste, das sich eingehend mit dieser Kombination von Komponenten befasst und präsentiert den aktuellen Stand der Technik in diesem Bereich. Es basiert auf einem vierjährigen gemeinsamen Forschungsprojekt zweier Programme der Internationalen Energieagentur: 'Solar Heating and Cooling' (SHC) und 'Heat Pump'. Mehr als 50 renommierte Experten aus 13 Ländern waren an dem Projekt beteiligt.

Auteur
Jean-Christophe Hadorn is a Civil Engineer (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne) and holds an MBA from HEC University Lausanne. He led the Task 44 Solar and Heat Pump Systems of the Solar Heating and Cooling Programme as operating agent from 2010 to 2013, a group of 55 participants that realized the present book.
Since 1985, Mr Hadorn has been appointed every year as external manager of thermal solar energy and heat storage research program by the Swiss government.
He was asked in 2003-2005 by the French government to set up the new National Institute of Solar Energy (INES) in France, now operating with more than 100 researchers.
From 2005 to 2008 he was chairman of the board of a solar PV company listed on the Nasdaq.
In 2000, he founded an engineering company dealing with solar energy, environmental and new energy issues.
Since 2013 he has led the Pierre Chuard Group, a renowned HVAC engineering company in Switzerland.

Résumé
The combination of heat pumps and solar components is a recent development and has great potential for improving the energy efficiency of house and hot water heating systems. As a consequence, it can enhance the energy footprint of a building substantially.
This work compares different systems, analyses their performance and illustrates monitoring techniques. It helps the reader to design, simulate and assess solar and heat pump systems. Good examples of built systems are discussed in detail and advice is given on how to design the most efficient system.
This book is the first one about this combination of components and presents the state of the art of this technology. It is based on a joint research project of two programmes of the International Energy Agency: the Solar Heating and Cooling Programme (SHC) and the Heat Pump Programme. More than 50 experts from 13 countries have participated in this research.

Contenu

About the editor and the supervisors IX

List of contributors XI

IEA solar heating and cooling programme XV

Forewords XVII

Acknowledgments XIX

1 Introduction 1

1.1 The scope 1

1.2 Who should read this book? 1

1.3 Why this book? 1

1.4 What you will learn reading this book?2

Internet sources 4

Part One Theoretical Considerations 5

2 System description, categorization, and comparison 7

2.1 System analysis and categorization 7

2.1.1 Approaches and principles 7

2.1.2 Graphical representation of solar and heat pump systems 8

2.1.3 Categorization 9

2.2 Statistical analysis of market-available solar thermal and heat pump systems 11

2.2.1 Methods 12

2.2.2 Results 14

2.2.2.1 Surveyed companies 14

2.2.2.2 System functions 14

2.2.2.3 System concepts 15

2.2.2.4 Heat pump characteristics heat sources 15

2.2.2.5 Collector types 17

2.2.2.6 Cross analysis between collector type and system concept 18

2.3 Conclusions and outlook 19

2.4 Relevance and market penetration illustrated with the example of Germany 19

References 21

3 Components and thermodynamic aspects 23

3.1 Solar collectors 23

3.2 Heat pumps 28

3.3 Ground heat exchangers 34

3.3.1 Modeling of vertical ground heat exchangers 38

3.3.2 Modeling of horizontal ground heat exchangers 40

3.3.3 Combining GHX with solar collectors 41

3.4 Storage 42

3.4.1 Sensible heat storage and storage in general 42

3.4.2 Latent storage 45

3.4.3 Thermochemical reactions and sorption storage 46

3.5 Special aspects of combined solar and heat pump systems. 47

3.5.1 Parallel versus series collector heat use. 47

3.5.2 Exergetic efficiency and storage stratification 50

References 52

4 Performance and its assessment 63

4.1 Introduction 63

4.2 Definition of performance figures 65

4.2.1 Overview of performance figures in current normative documents 65

4.2.1.1 Heat pumps 66

4.2.1.2 Solar thermal collectors 67

4.2.2 Solar and heat pump systems 7

4.2.3 Efficiency and performance figures 68

4.2.4 Component performance figures 70

4.2.4.1 Coefficient of performance 70

4.2.4.2 Seasonal coefficient of performance 70

4.2.4.3 Solar collector efficiency 71

4.2.5 System performance figures 71

4.2.5.1 Seasonal performance factor 71

4.2.6 Other performance figures 72

4.2.6.1 Solar fraction 72

4.2.6.2 Renewable heat fraction 74

4.2.6.3 Fractional energy savings 74

4.3 Reference system and system boundaries 75

4.3.1 Reference SHP system 75

4.3.2 Definition of system boundaries and corresponding seasonal performance factors 77

4.4 Environmental evaluation of SHP systems 87

4.4.1.1 Primary energy ratio 90

4.4.1.2 Equivalent warming impact 91

4.4.1.3 Fractional primary energy savings 91

4.4.1.4 Fractional CO2 emission savings 91

4.5 Calculation example 91

Appendix 4.A Reviewed standards and other normative documents 97

References 102

5 Laboratory test procedures for solar and heat pump systems 103

5.1 Introduction 104

5.2 Component testing and whole system testing 106

5.2.1 Testing boundary and implications on the test procedures 106

5.2.2 Direct comparison of CTSS and WST 109

5.2.3 Applicability to SHP systems 112

5.2.4 Test sequences and determination of annual performance 115

5.2.4.1 Direct extrapolation of results (WST for combi-systems) 116

5.2.4.2 Modeling and simulation 117

5.2.5 Output 119 5.3 Experience from laboratory testing 120<...