The Skull of Quadruped and Bipedal Vertebrates

This book forms part of the set, Comparative Anatomy and Posture of Animal and Human, and focuses on the skulls of Quaternary mammals and of Man since the acquisition of upright posture. Although the vast majority of the quadruped fossil species have a balanced postural adaptation, with no asymmetries or maxillo-mandibular dysmorphoses, the Hominine species that has acquired this readjustment of the body as well as a bipedal adaptation to the ground, will experience a series of postural imbalances starting with malocclusion in the genus Homo.

In order to arrive at this conclusion, the cranio-facial architectural biodynamics of several species of fossil and current mammals have been analyzed over three decades. In addition, hundreds of skulls of anatomically modern Hominids have been examined, highlighting their occlusal offsets, variations, anomalies and pathologies.

Auteur

Djillali Hadjouis is a specialist in human and animal anatomy of populations of the past. He has been, in turn, associate professor at universities, research director, departmental archaeologist and lecturer, training dozens of students from Europe, Africa and Asia.

Résumé
This book forms part of the set, Comparative Anatomy and Posture of Animal and Human, and focuses on the skulls of Quaternary mammals and of Man since the acquisition of upright posture. Although the vast majority of the quadruped fossil species have a balanced postural adaptation, with no asymmetries or maxillo-mandibular dysmorphoses, the Hominine species that has acquired this readjustment of the body as well as a bipedal adaptation to the ground, will experience a series of postural imbalances starting with malocclusion in the genus Homo.

In order to arrive at this conclusion, the cranio-facial architectural biodynamics of several species of fossil and current mammals have been analyzed over three decades. In addition, hundreds of skulls of anatomically modern Hominids have been examined, highlighting their occlusal offsets, variations, anomalies and pathologies.

Contenu

Introduction xi

Part 1. The Skull of Fossil and Present-day Quadruped Vertebrates: Craniofacial Structure and Postural Balance 1

Chapter 1. Proboscideans: The Mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) 3

1.1. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of the species 3

1.2. Mammoth discoveries in Île-de-France 5

1.3. A young mammoth in Maisons-Alfort 5

1.4. A woolly mammoth skull in the reserves 6

1.5. A mammoth skull with removed tusks 7

1.6. A particular tooth eruption 8

Chapter 2. Equidae 11

2.1. The horse (Equus caballus) 11

2.1.1. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of species 11

2.1.2. A fossil horse in Africa: paleogeographic and biostratigraphic distributions 15

2.1.3. The postural balance of Equidae 17

2.1.4. Joint pathologies in service horses 18

2.1.5. Introduction to animal bone pathologies and zoonoses 20

2.1.6. The horse's status over the centuries 20

2.2. The donkey (Equus asinus) 21

2.2.1. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of species 22

2.2.2. The status of the donkey over the centuries 23

Chapter 3. Bovidae 25

3.1. Aurochs (Bos primigenius) 25

3.1.1. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of species 25

3.1.2. Cattle (Bos taurus) 27

3.1.3. The status of cattle over the centuries 28

3.2. The bison (Bison priscus): chronological, geographical and morphological indications of the species 28

3.3. The buffalo (Syncerus antiquus) 29

3.3.1. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of the current Syncerus and Bubalus buffaloes 29

3.3.2. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of fossil species 30

3.3.3. Bos/Syncerus dental distinction criteria 35

3.3.4. Postural balance and paleoecology of Bovidae 38

3.3.5. Polymorphism and dimorphism in Bovidae 39

3.3.6. Osteoarticular abnormalities and bone pathologies in Bovidae 41

3.4. The common eland (Taurotragus oryx) 43

3.4.1. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of species 43

3.4.2. Posture and locomotor adaptation 46

3.5. The hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus) 48

3.5.1. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of species 48

3.5.2. Postural balance 49

3.6. Gazelles (Gazella) 50

3.6.1. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of species 50

3.6.2. Postural balance 51

Chapter 4. Cervidae 53

4.1. The red deer (Cervus elaphus) 53

4.1.1. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of species 53

4.1.2. The status of deer developing over the centuries 58

4.2. The Algerian thick-cheeked deer (Megaceroides algericus) 59

4.2.1. Several species from Europe, the Mediterranean islands and one species from the Maghreb 60

4.2.2. Size of Megaceroides algericus 63

Chapter 5. Suidae 65

5.1. The wild boar (Sus scrofa) 65

5.1.1. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of species 65

5.1.2. The status of the boar over the centuries 67

5.1.3. Postural balance of the boar 67

5.2. The warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus or africanus) 70

5.2.1. Chronological, geographical and morphological indications of species 71

5.2.2. A particular tooth eruption 74

5.2.3. Postural balance of the warthog 76

5.2.4. Pathologies in warthogs 77 5.2.5. A ...