The Hispanic-Mapuche Parlamentos: Interethnic Geo-Politics and Concessionary Spaces in Colonial America

Anthropological histories and historical geographies of colonialism both have examined the material and discursive processes of colonization and have identified the opportunities for different kinds of relationships to emerge between Europeans and the indigenous people they encountered and in different ways colonized. These studies have revealed complex, differentiated, colonializing and colonialized identities, shifting and ambiguous political relations, social pluralities, and mutating and distinctive modes of colonization. This book focuses on the complementary historical, linguistic, and archaeological evidence for indigenous resistance and resilience in the specific form of parlamento political negotiations or attempted treaties between the Spanish Crown and the Araucanians in south-central Chile from the late 1600s to the early 1800s. Armed conflict, the rejection of most Spanish material culture, and the use of the indigenous Mapundungun language at parlamentos were obvious forms of Araucanian resistance. From a bigger picture, the book is based on an interdisciplinary perspective and asserts that historical archeology can provide better interpretations of past societies only if combined with other disciplines experienced by the treatment of existing data for historical periods, such as those provided by the written documents and which can be subjected to an anthropological, ethnohistorical, and linguistic reading by these disciplines. This creates tension because complementarity but also requires a questioning of the methods themselves as an offset look in order to include the other disciplinary perspectives.

Autorentext

José Manuel Zavala, PhD in anthropology from the University of the Sorbonne Nouvelle-Paris III, has specialized in the study of the relations between colonial societies and indigenous peoples, in particular the Mapuche people of Chile and Argentina. His works on the Hispano-Mapuche parliaments, developed in collaboration with the co-authors of this work, have reconsidered a way of understanding the colonial dynamics and the insertion of the indigenous societies in these. He is a member of the Department of Historical Sciences of the Faculty of Philosophy and Humanities of the University of Chile. He also has been professor-researcher of the Catholic University of Temuco and visiting professor of the Universities of Paris III and Rennes II, and is a member of international research teams in Chile, Spain and the United States.

Gertrudis Payàs is a professional translator and interpreter, trained at the University of Geneva and at Westminster (ex Polytechnic of Central London) University. She holds a Ph. D. in Translation Studies from the University of Ottawa. Her doctoral dissertation, published in 2010 (Iberoamericana Vervuert), on colonial translation history in New Spain, has been followed by a series of publications dealing with the role of translation and linguistic mediation in the Araucanian context. She teaches at the Universidad Católica de Temuco and is a member of the Interethnic and Intercultural Research Group (NEII) at this university as well as of the Alfaqueque Research Group at the University of Salamanca, in Spain.

Tom D. Dillehay is the Rebecca Webb Wilson University Distinguished Professor of Anthropology, Religion, and Culture and Distinguished Professor of Anthropology and Latin American Studies in the Department of Anthropology, Profesor Titular de la Escuela de Arqueología de la Universidad Austral de Chile, Puerto Montt, and Adjunct Professor at several other universities in Latin America. He has carried out numerous archaeological and anthropological projects in Peru, Chile, Argentina and other South American countries and in the United States. His main interests are migration, the long-term transformative processes leading to political and economic change, and the interdisciplinary and historical methodologies designed to study those processes. He has published twenty-four books and more than four hundred refereed journal articles and book chapters. He currently directs several interdisciplinary projects focused on long-term human and environmental interaction on the north coast of Peru and on the political and cultural identity of the Mapuche people in Chile. Professor Dillehay has received numerous international and national awards for his research, books and teaching. He is a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

INTRODUCTION

José Manuel Zavala and Tom D. Dillehay

PART I. ETHNOHISTORY OF PARLAMENTOS

CHAPTER 1. Origin of the Spanish-Mapuche Parlamentos: The European Treaty Tradition and Mapuche Institutions of Negotiation

José Manuel Zavala

CHAPTER 2. The First Documented Parlamentos of 1593: Quilacoya, Rere, Taruchina and Maquegua

José Manuel Zavala

Appendix I

CHAPTER 3. Luis de Valdivia and the Parlamentos from 1605 to 1617

José Manuel Zavala and José Manuel Díaz-Blanco

CHAPTER 4. The Eighteenth Century Parlamentos

José Manuel Zavala

PART 2. PARLAMENTOS AND LANGUAGES

CHAPTER 5. Naming Hispanic-Indigenous Diplomacy: The Advent of the Word Parlamento in Chilean Use

Gertrudis Payàs

Appendix II

CHAPTER 6. The Interpreters of the Parlamentos: Agents of Communication During Two

Centuries of Political Contact

Gertrudis Payàs

PART 3. THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF PARLAMENTOS

CHAPTER 7. The Archaeology of Hispanic-Mapuche Parlamento Sites

Tom D. Dillehay

CHAPTER 8. Site Descriptions

Tom D. Dillehay, Jacob Sauer and José Manuel Zavala

CHAPTER 9. Material Remains

Tom D. Dillehay and Mario Pino

Appendix III

CHAPTER 10. Reflections on the Archaeology of the Parlamentos

Tom D. Dillehay

CONCLUSIONS

José Manuel Zavala and Tom D. Dillehay

FIGURE AND TABLE LIST FIGURES AND TABLES