The ELSI Handbook of Nanotechnology

This Handbook focuses on the recent advancements in Safety, Risk, Ethical Society and Legal Implications (ESLI) as well as its commercialization of nanotechnology, such as manufacturing. Nano is moving out of its relaxation phase of scientific route, and as new products go to market, organizations all over the world, as well as the general public, are discussing the environmental and health issues associated with nanotechnology. Nongovernmental science organizations have long since reacted; however, now the social sciences have begun to study the cultural portent of nanotechnology. Societal concerns and their newly constructed concepts, show nanoscience interconnected with the economy, ecology, health, and governance. This handbook addresses these new challenges and is divided into 7 sections: Nanomaterials and the Environment; Life Cycle Environmental Implications of Nanomanufacturing; Bioavailability and Toxicity of Manufactured Nanoparticles in Terrestrial Environments; Occupational Health Hazards of Nanoparticles; Ethical Issues in Nanotechnology; Commercialization of Nanotechnology; Legalization of Nanotechnology.

Autorentext

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD is an Adjunct Professor, Academic Advisor and Lab Director in the Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), Newark, New Jersey, USA. His research is focused on the applications of nanotechnology & advanced materials in environment, analytical chemistry and various industries. Dr. Hussain is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals as well as a prolific author and editor of several scientific monographs and handbooks in his research areas.

Klappentext
This ground-breaking handbook uniquely addresses challenges of nanotechnology with respect to safety, risk and ethical, society and legal implications (ELSI) along with the commercialization aspects. This Handbook focuses on the recent advancements in Safety, Risk, Ethical Society and Legal Implications (ESLI) as well as its commercialization of nanotechnology, such as manufacturing. Nano is moving out of its relaxation phase of scientific route, and as new products go to market, organizations all over the world, as well as the general public, are discussing the environmental and health issues associated with nanotechnology. Nongovernmental science organizations have long since reacted; however, now the social sciences have begun to study the cultural portent of nanotechnology. Societal concerns and their newly constructed concepts, show nanoscience interconnected with the economy, ecology, health, and governance. This handbook addresses these new challenges and is divided into 7 sections:

• Nanomaterials and the Environment;
• Life Cycle Environmental Implications of Nanomanufacturing;
• Bioavailability and Toxicity of Manufactured Nanoparticles in Terrestrial Environments;
• Occupational Health Hazards of Nanoparticles;
• Ethical Issues in Nanotechnology;
• Commercialization of Nanotechnology;
• Legalization of Nanotechnology. Audience
  This handbook will be of significant interest to scientists and researchers working on nanoscience and nanotechnology, materials scientists, chemists, pharmacists, biologists and chemical engineers. In addition, it will provide essential information to consultants and regulators about nanotechnology applications and processes helpful in their evaluation and decision-making procedures. University graduate and post-graduate students taking advance level of nanoscience and technology courses will find this handbook easy to use and understandable.

Inhalt
Preface xv

1 Nanomaterials and the Environment 1
*Shivani Rastogi, Gaurav Sharma and Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian*

1.1 Introduction 1

1.1.1 Overview of Nanomaterials 1

1.1.2 Overview of Environmental Health 4

1.1.2.1 Use of NMs in Environmental Health (Nanoremediation) 4

1.2 Applications of Nanomaterials for Environment 6

1.2.1 Nanomaterials for Detection of Environmental Contaminants 6

1.2.2 Nanomaterials for Air Purification 9

1.2.3 Nanomaterials for Water Treatment 10

1.2.4 Nanomaterials for Energy Storage 11

1.2.5 Nanomaterials for Degradation of Land Waste 12

1.3 Limitations of Environmental Nanomaterials 13

1.3.1 Toxicity of Nanomaterials 13

1.3.2 Toxic Effect on Environmental Health 14

1.3.3 Effect of Toxicity on Human Health 15

1.4 Future Scope of Environmental Nanomaterials 17

1.4.1 In Wastewater and Land Waste Treatment 17

1.4.2 In Biomedicine and Air Purification 17

1.4.3 In Electronics and IT Applications 18

1.5 Conclusion 18

References 19

2 Highly Efficient Graphene-Based Nanocomposites for Environmental Application 25
*A.E. Burakov, I.V. Burakova, E.V. Galunin, E.S. Mkrtchyan and A.V. Melezhik*

2.1 Features of the Organic Pollutants Adsorption 25

2.1.1 Introduction 25

2.1.2 Types of Organic Pollutants 26

2.1.3 Methods for Removing Organic Pollutants 27

2.1.4 Materials to Extract Organic Pollutants 28

2.2 Adsorption Materials Graphene-Based Nanocomposites 37

2.2.1 Synthesis of the Sorption Materials 37

2.2.2 Physicochemical Properties of the Sorption Materials 38

2.3 Determining the Adsorption Activity 41

2.3.1 Kinetic Studies under Static Conditions 41

2.3.2 Kinetic Studies under Dynamic Conditions 41

2.3.3 Mathematical Processing of Experimental Data 42

2.4 Conclusion 44

Acknowledgment 44

References 44

3 A Concise Account of the Studies Conducted on the Transport, Fate, Transformation and Toxicity of Engineered Nanomaterials 51
*Sauvik Raha and Md. Ahmaruzzam*

3.1 Introduction 52

3.2 Transport of Engineered Nanomaterials 52

3.2.1 Transport in Air 52

3.2.2 Transport in Water 53

3.2.3 Transport in Terrestrial Compartment 54

3.3 Fate and Transformation of Engineered Nanomaterials 55

3.3.1 Fate and Transformation in Air 55

3.3.2 Fate and Transformation in Terrestrial and Aquatic Compartments 56

3.4 Toxicity 57

3.4.1 Toxicity in Aquatic Biomes 57

3.4.2 Toxicity in Terrestrial Biomes 58

3.5 Existing Challenges 58

3.6 Conclusion 59

References 59

4 Nanotechnologies and Advanced Smart Materials: The Case of Architecture and Civil Engineering 67
*Paolo Di Sia*

4.1 Introduction 67

4.2 Management of Complexity 69

4.3 Advanced Materials: Definitions, Characteristics, Properties 71

4.4 Classification Criteria: High Performance and Smart Materials 73

4.5 Innovations in the Nanotechnology Field for Building Materials 76

4.6 Applications of Nanostructured Materials in Architecture 79

4.7 Nanostructured Cementitious Materials: High Performance and Ecoefficiency 81

4.8 Conclusions 84

References 85

5 Life Cycle Environmental Implications of Nanomanufacturing 89
*Asmaa Nady Mohammed*

5.1 Introduction 89

5.2 Manufacturing of Nanomaterials 90

5.3 Nanomaterials and Their Entry into the Environment 91

5.4 How is the Environment Subjected to Nanomaterials? 91

5.5 Implications of Nanomaterials in the Environment 92

5.6 Potential Health Risks and Environmental Impact of Nanomaterials 92 5.7 Impact of Long-Term Exposure to Graphene-Based Materials *In Vivo <...