An Introduction to Synchrotron Radiation

The updated guide to the fundamental concepts, techniques and applications of synchrotron radiation and its applications in this rapidly developing field

Synchrotron light is recognized as an invaluable research tool by a broad spectrum of scientists, ranging from physicists to biologists and archaeologists. The comprehensively revised second edition of An Introduction to Synchrotron Radiation offers a guide to the basic concepts of the generation and manipulation of synchrotron light, its interaction with matter and the application of synchrotron light in x-ray scattering, spectroscopy, and imaging.

The author, a noted expert in the field, reviews the fundamentals of important experimental methods, and explores the most recent technological advances in both the latest generation of x-ray sources and x-ray instrumentation. Designed to be an accessible resource, the book contains full-colour illustrations of the underlying physics and experimental applications, as well as the most commonly-used synchrotron techniques. In particular, the updated second edition now includes:

• In-depth descriptions of the latest x-ray-source technologies, notably diffraction-limited storage rings and x-ray free-electron lasers

• The latest advances in instrumentation, x-ray optics, and experimental methods in synchrotron radiation

• The most recent developments in macromolecular crystallography, time-resolved studies, and imaging techniques

• A comprehensive set of problems for each chapter, plus their ideal solutions in the appendices.

Written for undergraduate and postgraduate students from all areas of the natural and physical sciences, An Introduction to Synchrotron Radiation, Second Edition is an invaluable up-to-date reference source in this highly multidisciplinary field.

PowerPoint slides of all the figures within the text are available for download, for instructors and users of this book, at http://booksupport.wiley.com

Autorentext

Philip Willmott is the Project Leader of the upgrade to DLSR status of the Swiss Light Source at the Paul Scherrer Institute. He has taught elective courses in surface science and laser physics, and presently regularly offers introductory courses in synchrotron science and techniques, including, most recently, an online Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) based on the contents of this text. He is a titular professor in the Physics Institute of Zurich University and a physicist with over 25 years' experience in diverse aspects of experimental physics and materials science.

Inhalt
Preface xiii

Acknowledgements xv

About the Companion Website xvii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 A Potted History of X-rays 6

1.2 Synchrotron Sources over the Last Seventy Years 13

References 17

2 The Interaction of X-rays with Matter 19

2.1 Introduction 19

2.2 The Electromagnetic Spectrum 21

2.3 Compton Scattering 22

2.4 Thomson Scattering 25

2.5 Atomic Scattering Factors 26

2.5.1 Scattering from a Cloud of Free Electrons 26

2.5.2 Correction Terms for the Atomic Scattering Factor 28

2.6 The Refractive Index, Reflection, and Photoabsorption 32

2.6.1 The Refractive Index 32

2.6.2 Refraction and Reflection 33

2.6.3 Photoabsorption 38

2.7 X-ray Fluorescence and Auger Emission 42

2.7.1 X-ray Fluorescence 42

2.7.2 Auger Emission 45

2.7.3 Fluorescence or Auger? 45

2.8 Concluding Remarks 46

Problems 47

References 49

3 Synchrotron Physics 51

3.1 Introduction 51

3.2 Overview 51

3.3 Production of Light by Acceleration of Charged Particles 55

3.4 Forces Acting on a Charged Particle by Electromagnetic Radiation 57

3.5 Radiation from Relativistic Electrons 58

3.5.1 Synchrotron Radiation 58

3.5.2 Bremsstrahlung 62

3.5.3 Magnetic Deflection Fields 63

3.5.4 Radiated Power Loss in Synchrotrons 65

3.6 Radio-frequency Power Supply and Bunching 66

3.7 Photon-beam Properties 69

3.7.1 Flux and Brilliance 69

3.7.2 Emittance, Radiation Equilibrium, and Quantum Excitation 69

3.7.3 Coherence 73

3.7.4 Polarization of Synchrotron Radiation 76

3.8 The Magnet Lattice 77

3.8.1 Bending Magnets and Superbends 78

3.8.2 Betatron Oscillations and the Dynamic Aperture 80

3.8.3 Quadrupole and Sextupole Magnets 81

3.8.4 Orbit Control and Feedbacks 81

3.8.5 Multiple-bend Achromats and DLSRs 82

3.9 Insertion Devices 86

3.9.1 Wigglers 88

3.9.2 Damping Wigglers 89

3.9.3 Undulators 90

3.9.4 Undulators at DLSRs 97

3.9.5 Echo-enabled Harmonic Generation at DLSRs 99

3.9.6 Control of Polarization using Undulators 100

3.10 Concluding Remarks 101

Problems 103

References 105

4 Free-electron Lasers 107

4.1 Introduction 107

4.2 XFEL Architecture 110

4.3 The SASE Process 112

4.4 Properties of XFEL Beams 117

4.4.1 Tuning the Photon Energy 117

4.4.2 Source Fluctuations 117

4.4.3 Degree of Monochromacity 117

4.5 Seeding 118

4.5.1 High-brilliance SASE using an Array of Short Undulators and Chicanes 119

4.5.2 Self-seeding of Hard XFEL-radiation using Diamond Monochromatization 120

4.6 Radiation Damage and Heat Loads 120

4.6.1 Thermal Loads on Optics 121

4.6.2 Sample Irradiation 122

4.7 XFELs and THz Radiation 123

4.8 Concluding Remarks 124

Problems 124

References 126

5 Beamlines 129

5.1 Introduction 129

5.2 Front End 129

5.2.1 X-ray Beam-position Monitors 129

5.2.2 Primary Aperture and Front-end Slits 131

5.2.3 Low-energy Filters 131

5.3 Basics of X-ray Optics 132

5.3.1 Ray Optics 133

5.3.2 Spherical Surfaces and Aberrations 134

5.3.3 Wave Optics 137

5.4 Primary Optics 142

5.4.1 X-ray Mirrors 143

5.4.2 Monochromators 145

5.4.3 Higher Harmonics 155

5.4.4 Double-crystal Deflectors 158

5.5 Microfocus and Nanofocus Optics 159

5.5.1 Compound Refractive Lenses 160

5.5.2 Tapered Glass Capillaries 162 5.5.3 Fresnel Zone Plates...