Essentials in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

This book describes various aspects of nanoscience and nanotechnology. It begins with an introduction to nanoscience and nanotechnology and includes a historical prospective, nanotechnology working in nature, man -made nanomaterial and impact of nanotechnology illustrated with examples. It goes on to describes general synthetic approaches and strategies and also deals with the characterization of nanomaterial using modern tools and techniques to give basic understanding to those interested in learning this emerging area. It then deals with different kinds of nanomaterial such as inorganics, carbon based-, nanocomposites and self-assembled/supramolecular nano structures in terms of their varieties, synthesis, properties etc. In addition, it contains chapters devoted to unique properties with mathematical treatment wherever applicable and the novel applications dealing with information technology, pollution control (environment, water), energy, nanomedicine, healthcare, consumer goods etc.

Autorentext

Narendra Kumar, Ph.D., is Former Director, DRDO, of MoD, India; carried out pioneering research in the development of advanced materials including nanomaterials and products based on them for various defense applications; and has over 100 research papers, 12 patents, and a book, Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials in the Treatment of Life-Threatening Diseases, to his credit. He is recipient of several national awards including Best Scientist DRDO Award and MRSI- Annual Award, 2010. Dr. Kumar is associated with American Chemical Society and Materials Research Society of India. Sunita Kumbhat, Ph.D., is Professor of Chemistry at J. N. V. University, Jodhpur, India, teaching graduate and postgraduate courses on Analytical Chemistry; research fields include electrochemistry, sensor/biosensor, SPR technology, and nanomaterials. She has been Commonwealth Academic Staff Fellow 1994–1995, Oxford University; UGC-National Associate 1995–1997, BARC, Mumbai; and INSA-JSPS Fellow 2005, Kyushu University, Japan. Dr. Kumbhat is associated with International Society Electrochemistry, Bioelectrochemical Society, Chemical Research Society of India, and National Assessment and Accreditation Council, India.

Klappentext
Provides a basic understanding of the complex and revolutionary disciplines of nanoscience and nanotechnology The fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology are growing exponentially as their potential to solve medical and environmental problems becomes clear. However, unless budding scientists remain educated and up to date on the most recent advances in nanoscience, this growth cannot continue. Essentials in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology combats this problem. Kumar and Kumbhat have assembled a comprehensive and concise text that both introduces the properties and reactions of molecules at the nanoscale and provides detailed information on recent advances, all while remaining comprehensible to someone only just setting foot in the field. Its broad coverage includes the following:

• The history of nanoscience and nanotechnology
• Synthesis, properties, and characterization of nanomaterials
• Specific nanomaterials such as nanocomposites, carbon-based nanomaterials, supramolecular nanomaterials, and nanocoatings
• Applications in medicine, healthcare, drug discovery and delivery, electronics, defense, energy, and the environment
• Toxicity and ethics of nanotechnology use Students of all levels, young professionals, researchers, and anyone else wishing to gain an understanding of the principles of nanoscience and nanotechnology as well as their latest developments will find this book an invaluable resource.

Inhalt
Preface xiii

Acknowledgments xv

About the Authors xvii

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Definitions of Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies 1

1.2 Uniqueness of the Nanoscale 3

1.3 Nanoscience in Nature 4

1.3.1 Naturally Occurring Nanomaterials 7

1.3.2 Nanoscience in Action in Biological World 8

1.4 Historical Perspective 10

1.5 Nanomaterials 13

1.5.1 Nanoparticles 16

1.5.2 Nanowires and Nanotubes 17

1.5.3 Nanolayers/Nanocoatings 17

1.5.4 Nanoporous Materials 17

1.6 Strategies for Synthesis of Nanomaterials 18

1.7 Properties of Nanomaterials 18

1.8 Significance of Nanoscience 19

1.9 Commercial Applications 20

1.9.1 Food Industry 22

1.9.2 Cosmetics 22

1.9.3 Textile 22

1.9.4 Medicine 22

1.9.5 Electrical and Electronic Goods 23

1.10 Potential Health Hazards and Environmental Risks 24

1.11 Futuristic Outlook 25

Review Questions 26

References 27

2 Nanomaterials: General Synthetic Approaches 29

2.1 Introduction 29

2.2 Top-Down Approach 30

2.2.1 Mechanical Milling 31

2.2.2 Mechanochemical Processing (MCP) 32

2.2.3 Electro-Explosion 33

2.2.4 Sputtering 34

2.2.5 Etching 34

2.2.6 Laser Ablation 36

2.2.7 Lithography 37

2.2.8 Aerosol-Based Techniques 43

2.2.9 Electrospinning 47

2.3 Bottom-Up Approaches 49

2.3.1 Chemical Vapor Deposition 49

2.3.2 Chemical Vapor Condensation (CVC) 54

2.3.3 Plasma Arcing 55

2.3.4 Wet Chemical Methods 55

2.3.5 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal 60

2.3.6 Reverse Micelle Method 60

2.3.7 SolGel Method 61

2.3.8 Sonochemical Method 64

2.3.9 Biomimetic Approaches 66

2.3.10 Molecular Self-Assembly 70

2.3.11 LangmuirBlodgett (LB) Film Formation 71

2.3.12 Stabilization and Functionalization of Nanoparticles 72

Review Questions 73

References 74

3 Characterization Tools for Nanomaterials 77

3.1 Introduction 77

3.2 Imaging Through Electron Microscopy 79

3.2.1 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) 85

3.2.2 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) 91

3.3 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) 97

3.3.1 Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) 97

3.3.2 Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) 102

3.4 Characterization Through Spectroscopy 107

3.4.1 UVVisible Plasmon Absorption and Emission 108

3.4.2 Vibrational Spectroscopies: FTIR and Raman Spectroscopy 109

3.4.3 Raman Spectroscopy Based Imaging 116

3.4.4 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) 119

3.4.5 Auger Electron Spectroscopy 126

3.4.6 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) 130

3.5 Scattering Techniques 133

3.5.1 X-Ray Diffraction Methods 134

3.5.2 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) 140

3.5.3 Zeta Potential Analysis 142

Review Questions 145

References 146

4 Nanomaterials 149

4.1 Introduction 149

4.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials 150

4.2.1 Metals and Alloys 150

4.2.2 Metal Oxides of Transition and Non-transition Elements 156

4.2.3 Non-oxide Inorganic Nanomaterials 161

4.3 Organic Nanomaterials 161

4.3.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles 161

4.3.2 Polymeric Nanofilms 162

4.3.3 Nanocellulose 162

4.3.4 Biodegradable Polymer Nanoparticles 165

4.3.5 Dendrimers 165

4.4 Biological Nanomaterials 166

4.4.1 Categories 167

4.4.2 Potential Applications 169

4.5 Nanoporous Materials 170

4.6 Quantum Dots 173

4.7 Nanoclusters 175

4.8 Nanomaterials in Different Configurations 178 4...