Nanostructured Conductive Polymers

Providing a vital link between nanotechnology and conductive polymers, this book covers advances in topics of this interdisciplinary area. In each chapter, there is a discussion of current research issues while reviewing the background of the topic. The selection of topics and contributors from around the globe make this text an outstanding resource for researchers involved in the field of nanomaterials or polymer materials design. The book is divided into three sections: From Conductive Polymers to Nanotechnology, Synthesis and Characterization, and Applications.

Autorentext
Ali Eftekhari is Professor of Chemistry and Director of the Avicenna Institute of Technology in Cleveland (USA). He received his PhD at Trinity College (Ireland). From 2000 to 2002, he was a researcher at Nirvan Co. (USA) working on an environmental project under support of former Vice-President Al Gore. From 2002 to 2004, Professor Eftekhari was senior researcher at KICR (USA), working on a joint corporate project based in United States and Iran. For the next two years, he was Head of the Electrochemistry Division at the Materials and Energy Research Center in Iran. Since 2007, Ali Eftekhari has been Professor of Chemistry and Director of Avicenna Institute of Technology. He is the editor of four books including Nanostructured Materials in Electrochemistry (Wiley) and editor of the book Boltzmann Philosophy of Science. Professor Eftekhari is Editor of the Journal of Nanomaterials and has been chairman or on the Editorial Advisory Boards of several conferences. His research interests include electrochemistry, nanoscience and nanotechnology, statistical physics, condensed matter physics, philosophy, the history of science, management and science policy.

Klappentext
During the past three decades conducting polymers have been the subject of both fundamental and applied research due to the vast variety of possible applications. Displaying both semiconductor-like, and metallic-like properties, these novel smart materials can function as energy storage devices in battery technology, microelectronics, electrochromic display devices, and as chemical and electrochemical sensors. They also have the ability to mimic biological systems and can be used as components of artificial nerves and muscles, electronic noses and tongues, and drug-release/delivery systems. Providing the vital link between nanotechnology and conductive polymers, Nanostructured Conducting Polymers covers advances in this interdisciplinary area. The chapters discuss current research issues, as well as providing necessary background material, and are divided into three sections:

• From Conductive Polymers to Nanotechnology
• Synthesis and Characterization
• Applications
  It demonstrates that in order to meet the requirements of new commercial devices, control of conductive polymers at the nanoscale is needed.

Inhalt

Preface xv

Foreword xix

List of Contributors xxi

Part One 1

1 History of Conductive Polymers 3
J. Campbell Scott

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Archeology and Prehistory 7

1.3 The Dawn of the Modern Era 8

1.4 The Materials Revolution 12

1.5 Concluding Remarks 13

Acknowledgments 15

References 15

2 Polyaniline Nanostructures 19
Gordana iri-Marjanovi

2.1 Introduction 19

2.2 Preparation 21

2.2.1 Preparation of Polyaniline Nanofibers 21

2.2.2 Preparation of Polyaniline Nanotubes 42

2.2.3 Preparation of Miscellaneous Polyaniline Nanostructures 52

2.3 Structure and Properties 60

2.3.1 Structure and Properties of Polyaniline Nanofibers 60

2.3.2 Structure and Properties of Polyaniline Nanotubes 63

2.4 Processing and Applications 64

2.4.1 Processing 64

2.4.2 Applications 65

2.5 Conclusions and Outlook 74

References 74

3 Nanoscale Inhomogeneity of Conducting-Polymer-Based Materials 99
Alain Pailleret and Oleg Semenikhin

3.1 Introduction: Inhomogeneity and Nanostructured Materials 99

3.2 Direct Local Measurements of Nanoscale Inhomogeneity of Conducting and Semiconducting Polymers 101

3.2.1 Introduction 101

3.2.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KFM), and Electric Force Microscopy (EFM) 103

3.2.3 Current-Sensing Atomic Force Microscopy (CS-AFM) 105

3.2.4 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) and Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy (STS) 109

3.2.5 Phase-Imaging Atomic Force Microscopy (PI-AFM) and High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM): Studies of Local Crystallinity 112

3.2.6 Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM) 124

3.3 In situ Studies of Conducting and Semiconducting Polymers: Electrochemical Atomic Force Microscopy (EC-AFM) and Electrochemical Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (EC-STM) 128

3.3.1 Introduction 128

3.3.2 EC-AFM Investigations of the Swelling/Deswelling of ECPs 129

3.3.3 EC-STM Investigations of the Swelling/Deswelling of ECPs 140

3.3.4 Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) Investigations of ECPs 141

3.4 The Origin of the Nanoscale Inhomogeneity of Conducting and Semiconducting Polymers 144

References 151

Part Two 161

4 Nanostructured Conductive Polymers by Electrospinning 163
Ioannis S. Chronakis

4.1 Introduction to Electrospinning Technology 163

4.2 The Electrospinning Processing 164

4.3 Electrospinning Processing Parameters: Control of the Nanofiber Morphology 165

4.3.1 Solution Properties 165

4.3.2 Process Conditions 166

4.3.3 Ambient Conditions 167

4.4 Nanostructured Conductive Polymers by Electrospinning 168

4.4.1 Polyaniline (PANI) 168

4.4.2 Polypyrrole (PPy) 175

4.4.3 Polythiophenes (PThs) 179

4.4.4 Poly(p-phenylene vinylenes) (PPVs) 183

4.4.5 Electrospun Nanofibers from Other Conductive Polymers 186

4.5 Applications of Electrospun Nanostructured Conductive Polymers 187

4.5.1 Biomedical Applications 187

4.5.2 Sensors 194

4.5.3 Conductive Nanofibers in Electric and Electronic Applications 197

4.6 Conclusions 201

References 201

5 Composites Based on Conducting Polymers and Carbon Nanotubes 209
M. Baibarac, I. Baltog, and S. Lefrant

5.1 Introduction 209

5.2 Carbon Nanotubes 212

5.2.1 Synthesis of CNTs: Arc Discharge, Laser Ablation, Chemical Vapor Deposition 214

5.2.2 Purification 217

5.2.3 Separation Techniques for Metallic and Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes 219

5.2.4 Vibrational Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 222 5.3 Synthesis of Composites Based on Conducting Polymers an...