Nanocarbons for Electroanalysis

A comprehensive look at the most widely employed carbon-based electrode materials and the numerous electroanalytical applications associated with them.

A valuable reference for the emerging age of carbon-based electronics and electrochemistry, this book discusses diverse applications for nanocarbon materials in electrochemical sensing. It highlights the advantages and disadvantages of the different nanocarbon materials currently used for electroanalysis, covering the electrochemical sensing of small-sized molecules, such as metal ions and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), as well as large biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, enzymes and proteins.

• A comprehensive look at state-of-the-art applications for nanocarbon materials in electrochemical sensors

• Emphasizes the relationship between the carbon structures and surface chemistry, and electrochemical performance

• Covers a wide array of carbon nanomaterials, including nanocarbon films, carbon nanofibers, graphene, diamond nanostructures, and carbon-dots

• Edited by internationally renowned experts in the field with contributions from researchers at the cutting edge of nanocarbon electroanalysis

Nanocarbons for Electroanalysis is a valuable working resource for all chemists and materials scientists working on carbon based-nanomaterials and electrochemical sensors. It also belongs on the reference shelves of academic researchers and industrial scientists in the fields of nanochemistry and nanomaterials, materials chemistry, material science, electrochemistry, analytical chemistry, physical chemistry, and biochemistry.

Autorentext

Editors Sabine Szunerits is Professor in Chemistry at the University Lille 1, France. Rabah Boukherroub is Director of research at the CNRS, Institute of Electronics, Microelectronics and Nanotechnology, France. Alison Downard is Professor of Chemistry at the University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. Jun-Jie Zhu is Professor in the School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering at Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.

Inhalt
List of Contributors ix

Series Preface xiii

Preface xv

1 Electroanalysis with Carbon Film-based Electrodes 1
Shunsuke Shiba, Tomoyuki Kamata, Dai Kato and Osamu Niwa

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Fabrication of Carbon Film Electrodes 2

1.3 Electrochemical Performance and Application of Carbon Film Electrodes 4

1.3.1 Pure and Oxygen Containing Groups Terminated Carbon Film Electrodes 5

1.3.2 Nitrogen Containing or Nitrogen Terminated Carbon Film Electrodes 8

1.3.3 Fluorine Terminated Carbon Film Electrode 11

1.3.4 Metal Nanoparticles Containing Carbon Film Electrode 13

References 19

2 Carbon Nanofibers for Electroanalysis 27
Tianyan You, Dong Liu and Libo Li

2.1 Introduction 27

2.2 Techniques for the Preparation of CNFs 28

2.3 CNFs Composites 30

2.3.1 NCNFs 30

2.3.2 Metal nanoparticles?]loaded CNFs 32

2.4 Applications of CNFs for electroanalysis 32

2.4.1 Technologies for electroanalysis 32

2.4.2 Non?]enzymatic biosensor 33

2.4.3 Enzyme?]based biosensors 40

2.4.4 CNFs?]based immunosensors 44

2.5. Conclusions 47

References 47

3 Carbon Nanomaterials for Neuroanalytical Chemistry 55
Cheng Yang and B. Jill Venton

3.1. Introduction 55

3.2 Carbon Nanomaterial-based Microelectrodes and Nanoelectrodes for Neurotransmitter Detection 57

3.2.1 Carbon Nanomaterial-based Electrodes Using Dip Coating/Drop Casting Methods 57

3.2.2 Direct Growth of Carbon Nanomaterials on Electrode Substrates 59

3.2.3 Carbon Nanotube Fiber Microelectrodes 61

3.2.4 Carbon Nanoelectrodes and Carbon Nanomaterial-based Electrode Array 62

3.2.5 Conclusions 64

3.3 Challenges and Future Directions 65

3.3.1 Correlation Between Electrochemical Performance and Carbon Nanomaterial Surface Properties 65

3.3.2 Carbon Nanomaterial-based Anti-fouling Strategies for in vivo Measurements of Neurotransmitters 67

3.3.3 Reusable Carbon Nanomaterial-based Electrodes 70

3.4 Conclusions 73

References 74

**4 Carbon and Graphene Dots for Electrochemical Sensing 85
**Ying Chen, Lingling Li and Jun?]Jie Zhu

4.1 Introduction 85

4.2 CDs and GDs for Electrochemical Sensors 86

4.2.1 Substrate Materials in Electrochemical Sensing 86

4.2.1.1 Immobilization and Modification Function 86

4.2.1.2 Electrocatalysis Function 87

4.2.2 Carriers for Probe Fabrication 93

4.2.3 Signal Probes for Electrochemical Performance 95

4.2.4 Metal Ions Sensing 96

4.2.5 Small Molecule Sensing 97

4.2.6 Protein Sensing 100

4.2.7 DNA/RNA Sensing 101

4.3 Electrochemiluminescence Sensors 101

4.4 Photoelectrochemical Sensing 107

4.5 Conclusions 110

References 110

5 Electroanalytical Applications of Graphene 119
Edward P. Randviir and Craig E. Banks

5.1 Introduction 119

5.2 The Birth of Graphene 120

5.3 Types of Graphene 122

5.4 Electroanalytical Properties of Graphene 124

5.4.1 Free?]standing 3D Graphene Foam 124

5.4.2 Chemical Vapour Deposition and Pristine Graphene 125

5.4.3 Graphene Screen?]printed Electrodes 127

5.4.4 Solution?]based Graphene 129

5.5 Future Outlook for Graphene Electroanalysis 132

References 133

6 Graphene/gold Nanoparticles for Electrochemical Sensing 139
Sabine Szunerits, Qian Wang, Alina Vasilescu, Musen Li and Rabah Boukherroub

6.1 Introduction 139

6.2 Interfacing Gold Nanoparticles with Graphene 141

6.2.1 Ex?]situ Au NPs Decoration of Graphene 142

6.2.2 In?]situ Au NPs Decoration of Graphene 143

6.2.3 Electrochemical Reduction 145 6.3 Electrochem...