Condensed Matter Physics

Now updated--the leading single-volume introduction to
solid state and soft condensed matter physics

This Second Edition of the unified treatment of condensed
matter physics keeps the best of the first, providing a basic
foundation in the subject while addressing many recent discoveries.
Comprehensive and authoritative, it consolidates the critical
advances of the past fifty years, bringing together an exciting
collection of new and classic topics, dozens of new figures, and
new experimental data.

This updated edition offers a thorough treatment of such basic
topics as band theory, transport theory, and semiconductor physics,
as well as more modern areas such as quasicrystals, dynamics of
phase separation, granular materials, quantum dots, Berry phases,
the quantum Hall effect, and Luttinger liquids. In addition to
careful study of electron dynamics, electronics, and
superconductivity, there is much material drawn from soft matter
physics, including liquid crystals, polymers, and fluid
dynamics.

• Provides frequent comparison of theory and experiment, both when
  they agree and when problems are still unsolved

• Incorporates many new images from experiments

• Provides end-of-chapter problems including computational
  exercises

• Includes more than fifty data tables and a detailed forty-page
  index

• Offers a solutions manual for instructors

Featuring 370 figures and more than 1,000 recent and
historically significant references, this volume serves as a
valuable resource for graduate and undergraduate students in
physics, physics professionals, engineers, applied mathematicians,
materials scientists, and researchers in other fields who want to
learn about the quantum and atomic underpinnings of materials
science from a modern point of view.

Autorentext
Michael P. Marder, PhD, is the Associate Dean for Science and Mathematics Education and Professor in the Department of Physics at the University of Texas at Austin, where he has been involved in a wide variety of theoretical, numerical, and experimental investigations. He specializes in the mechanics of solids, particularly the fracture of brittle materials. Dr. Marder has carried out experimental studies of crack instabilities in plastics and rubber, and constructed analytical theories for how cracks move in crystals. Recently he has studied the way that membranes ripple due to changes in their geometry, and properties of frictional sliding at small length scales.

Klappentext
Now updatedthe leading single-volume introduction to solid state and soft condensed matter physics This Second Edition of the unified treatment of condensed matter physics keeps the best of the first, providing a basic foundation in the subject while addressing many recent discoveries. Comprehensive and authoritative, it consolidates the critical advances of the past fifty years, bringing together an exciting collection of new and classic topics, dozens of new figures, and new experimental data.

This updated edition offers a thorough treatment of such basic topics as band theory, transport theory, and semiconductor physics, as well as more modern areas such as quasicrystals, dynamics of phase separation, granular materials, quantum dots, Berry phases, the quantum Hall effect, and Luttinger liquids. In addition to careful study of electron dynamics, electronics, and superconductivity, there is much material drawn from soft matter physics, including liquid crystals, polymers, and fluid dynamics.

• Provides frequent comparison of theory and experiment, both when they agree and when problems are still unsolved

• Incorporates many new images from experiments

• Provides end-of-chapter problems including computational exercises

• Includes more than fifty data tables and a detailed forty-page index

• Offers a solutions manual for instructors

Featuring 370 figures and more than 1,000 recent and historically significant references, this volume serves as a valuable resource for graduate and undergraduate students in physics, physics professionals, engineers, applied mathematicians, materials scientists, and researchers in other fields who want to learn about the quantum and atomic underpinnings of materials science from a modern point of view.

Inhalt

Preface xix

References xxii

I ATOMIC STRUCTURE 1

1 The Idea of Crystals 3

1.1 Introduction 3

1.1.1 Why are Solids Crystalline? 4

1.2 Two-Dimensional Lattices 6

1.2.1 Bravais Lattices 6

1.2.2 Enumeration of Two-Dimensional Bravais Lattices 7

1.2.3 Lattices with Bases 9

1.2.4 Primitive Cells 9

1.2.5 Wigner-Seitz Cells 10

1.3 Symmetries 11

1.3.1 The Space Group 11

1.3.2 Translation and Point Groups 12

1.3.3 Role of Symmetry 14

Problems 14

References 16

2 Three-Dimensional Lattices 17

2.1 Introduction 17

2.2 Monatomic Lattices 20

2.2.1 The Simple Cubic Lattice 20

2.2.2 The Face-Centered Cubic Lattice 20

2.2.3 The Body-Centered Cubic Lattice 22

2.2.4 The Hexagonal Lattice 23

2.2.5 The Hexagonal Close-Packed Lattice 23

2.2.6 The Diamond Lattice 24

2.3 Compounds 24

2.3.1 RocksaltSodium Chloride 25

2.3.2 Cesium Chloride 26

2.3.3 FluoriteCalcium Fluoride 26

2.3.4 ZincblendeZinc Sulfide 27

2.3.5 WurtziteZinc Oxide 28

2.3.6 PerovskiteCalcium Titanate 28

2.4 Classification of Lattices by Symmetry 30

2.4.1 Fourteen Bravais Lattices and Seven Crystal Systems 30

2.5 Symmetries of Lattices with Bases 33

2.5.1 Thirty-Two Crystallographic Point Groups 33

2.5.2 Two Hundred Thirty Distinct Lattices 36

2.6 Some Macroscopic Implications of Microscopic Symmetries 37

2.6.1 Pyroelectricity 37

2.6.2 Piezoelectricity 37

2.6.3 Optical Activity 38

Problems 38

References 41

3 Scattering and Structures 43

3.1 Introduction 43

3.2 Theory of Scattering from Crystals 44

3.2.1 Special Conditions for Scattering 44

3.2.2 Elastic Scattering from Single Atom 46

3.2.3 Wave Scattering from Many Atoms 47

3.2.4 Lattice Sums 48

3.2.5 Reciprocal Lattice 49

3.2.6 Miller Indices 51

3.2.7 Scattering from a Lattice with a Basis 53

3.3 Experimental Methods 54

3.3.1 Laue Method 56

3.3.2 Rotating Crystal Method 57

3.3.3 Powder Method 59

3.4 Further Features of Scattering Experiments 60

3.4.1 Interaction of X-Rays with Matter 60

3.4.2 Production of X-Rays 61

3.4.3 Neutrons 63

3.4.4 Electrons 63

3.4.5 Deciphering Complex Structures 64

3.4.6 Accuracy of Structure Determinations 65

3.5 Correlation Functions 66

3.5.1 Why Bragg Peaks Survive Atomic Motions 66

3.5.2 Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) 67

3.5.3 Dynamic Light Scattering 68

3.5.4 Application to Dilute Solutions 70

Problems 71

References 73

4 Surfaces and Interfaces 77

4.1 Introduction 77

4.2 Geometry of Interfaces 77

4.2.1 Coherent and Commensurate Interfaces 78

4.2.2 Stacking Period and Interplanar Spacing 79

4.2.3 Other Topics in Surface Structure 81

4.3 Experimental Observation and Creation of Surfaces 82

4.3.1 Low-Energy Electron Diffraction (LEED) 82

4.3.2 Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED) 84

4.3.3 Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE) 84

4.3.4 Field Ion Microscopy (FIM) 85

4.3.5 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) 86

4.3.6 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 91

4.3.7 High Resolution Electron Microscopy (HREM) 91

Problems 91

References 94

5 Beyond Crystals 97

5.1 Introduction 97

5.2 Diffusion and Random Variables 97

5.2.1 Brownian Motion and the Diffusion Equation 97

5.2.2 Diffusion 98 5.2.3 Derivation...