Hydrocarbons in Basement Formations

Petroleum and natural gas still remain the single biggest resource for energy on earth. Even as alternative and renewable sources are developed, petroleum and natural gas continue to be, by far, the most used and, if engineering properly, the most cost-effective and efficient, source of energy on the planet. Contrary to some beliefs, the industry can, in fact, be sustainable, from an environmental, economic, and resource perspective. Petroleum and natural gas are, after all, natural sources of energy and do not have to be treated as pariahs. This groundbreaking new text describes hydrocarbons in basement formations, how they can be characterized and engineered, and how they can be engineered properly, to best achieve sustainability. Covering the basic theories and the underlying scientific concepts, the authors then go on to explain the best practices and new technologies and processes for utilizing basement formations for the petroleum and natural gas industries. Covering all of the hottest issues in the industry, from oil shale, tar sands, and hydraulic fracturing, this book is a must-have for any engineer working in the industry. This textbook is an excellent resource for petroleum engineering students, reservoir engineers, supervisors & managers, researchers and environmental engineers for planning every aspect of rig operations in the most sustainable, environmentally responsible manner, using the most up-to-date technological advancements in equipment and processes.

Autorentext

M. Rafiq Islam is the President of Emertec Rs first Killam Chair in Oil and Gas. He has over 30 years of experience in teaching and research, during which time he has supervised over 150 graduate and undergraduate students and postdoctoral fellows and completed over $20 million of funded research. During his career, he has published nearly 800 research papers and dozens of books and research monographs on topics ranging from petroleum engineering to economics. He is the founding executive editor of Journal of Nature Science and Journal of Characterization and Development of Novel Materials, and serves on the editorial board of a number of journals. Previously, he held editorial positions with SPE, AIChEJ, JCPT, JPSE, and others.

M.E. Hossain is a professor at Nazarbayev University, Kazakhstan, where he is in charge starting a new program in petroleum engineering. Previously, he was Canadas first Statoil Chair at Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN), Canada. Dr. Hossain authored/co-authored nearly 200 research articles, including seven books, focusing on reservoir characterization, enhanced oil recovery (EOR), drilling engineeering and environmental sustainability.

A.O. Islam is a research associate at Emertec R&D Ltd. He has been working on a number of projects related to nanomaterial and Geometrical optics. He has co-authored another book, titled: Delinearized History of Earth, which is forthcoming in early 2018.

Inhalt

Foreword xv

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Summary 1

1.2 Is Sustainable Petroleum Technology Possible? 2

1.3 Why is it Important to Know the Origin of Petroleum? 4

1.4 What is the Likelihood of an Organic Source? 5

1.5 What is the Implication of the Abiogenic Theory of Hydrocarbon? 6

1.6 How Important are the Fractures for Basement Reservoirs? 8

1.7 What are we Missing Out? 8

1.8 Predicting the Future? 10

1.9 What is the Actual Potential of Basement Hydrocarbons? 10

2 Organic Origin of Basement Hydrocarbons 11

2.0 Introduction 11

2.1 Sources of Hydrocarbon 13

2.2 Non-Conventional Sources of Petroleum Fluids 29

2.3 What is a Natural Energy Source? 34

2.4 The Science of Water and Petroleum 39

2.5 Comparison between Water and Petroleum 42

2.6 Combustion and Oxidation 57

2.6.1 Petroleum 59

2.6.2 Natural Gas 60

2.6.3 Natural Gas Hydrates 62

2.6.4 Tar Sand Bitumen 63

2.6.5 Coal 65

2.6.6 Oil Shale 65

2.6.7 Wax 66

2.6.8 Biomass 67

3 Non-organic Origin of Basement Hydrocarbons 69

3.0 Introduction 69

3.1 Theories of Non-organic Origin of Basement Petroleum 70

3.2 Formation of Magma 72

3.2.1 Magma Escape Routes 73

3.2.2 Magma Chamber 74

3.2.3 Types of Magma 78

3.2.3.1 Mafic Magma 80

3.2.3.2 Intermediate Magma 80

3.2.3.3 Felsic Magma 81

3.3 The Composition of Magma 82

3.4 The Dynamics of Magma 85

3.5 Water in the Mantle 103

3.6 The Carbon Cycle and Hydrocarbon 108

3.7 Role of Magma During the Formation of Hydrocarbon from Organic Sources 118

3.8 Abiogenic Petroleum Origin Theory 119

3.8.1 Diamond as Source of Hydrocarbons 128

3.8.2 Oil and Gas Deposits in the Precambrian Crystalline Basement 132

3.8.3 Supergiant Oil and Gas Accumulations 138

3.8.4 Gas Hydrates the Greatest Source of Abiogenic Petroleum 142

4 Characterization of Basement Reservoirs 147

4.0 Summary 147

4.1 Introduction 147

4.2 Natural and Artificial Fractures 151

4.2.1 Overall in Situ Stress Orientations 161

4.3 Developing Reservoir Characterization Tools for Basement Reservoirs 162

4.4 Origin of Fractures 171

4.5 Seismic Fracture Characterization 178

4.5.1 Effects of Fractures on Normal Moveout (NMO) Velocities and P-wave Azimuthal AVO Response 181

4.5.2 Effects of Fracture Parameters on Properties of Anisotropic Parameters and P-wave NMO Velocities 182

4.6 Reservoir Characterization During Drilling 185

4.6.1 Overbalanced Drilling 191

4.6.2 Underbalanced Drilling (UBD) 193

4.7 Reservoir Characterization with Image Log and Core Analysis 202

4.7.1 Geophysical Logs 205

4.7.1.1 Circumferential Borehole Imaging Log (CBIL) 213

4.7.1.2 Petrophysical Data Analysis using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 220

4.7.2 Core Analysis 228

4.8 Major Forces of Oil and Gas Reservoirs 237

4.9 Reservoir Heterogeneity 255

4.9.1 Filtering Permeability Data 263

4.9.2 Total Volume Estimate 267

4.9.3 Estimates of Fracture Properties 268

4.10 Special Considerations for Shale 268

5 Case Studies of Fractured Basement Reservoirs 273

5.0 Summary 273

5.1 Introduction 274

5.2 Geophysical Tools 282

5.2.1 Scale Considerations in Logging Fracture Rocks 283

5.2.2 Fracture Applications of Conventional Geophysical Logs 284

5.2.3 Borehole Techniques 290

5.2.3.1 Borehole Wall Imaging 291

5.2.4 Micro Log Analysis 294

5.2.4.1 High-definition Formation Microimager 295

5.2.4.2 Micro-Conductivity Imager Tool (MCI) 299 5.2.4.3 Multistage Geometric Analysis ...