Liquid Biofuel Production

Biofuels production is one of the most extensively studied fields in the energy sector that can provide an alternative energy source and bring the energy industry closer to sustainability. Biomass-based fuel production, or renewable fuels, are becoming increasingly important as a potential solution for man-made climate change, depleted oil reserves, and the dangers involved with hydraulic fracturing (or "fracking"). The price of oil will always be volatile and changeable, and, so long as industry and private citizens around the world need energy, there will be a need for alternative energy sources. The area known as "biofuels and biofeedstocks" is one of the most important and quickly growing pieces of the "energy pie." Biofuels and biofeedstocks are constantly changing, and new processes are constantly being created, changed, and improved upon. The area is rapidly changing and always innovative. It is important, therefore, that books like the volumes in this series are published and the information widely disseminated to keep the industry informed of the state-of-the-art. This third volume in the Advances in Biofeedstocks and Biofuels series focuses on the production of liquid biofuel, covering all of the major biofuels, such as biodiesel, biobutanol, bioethanol, and others. This engaging text touches on all of the most important new processes and technologies, providing the most up-to-date coverage of the science available to industry. It is a must-have for any engineer or scientist working with biofuel technology.

Autorentext

Lalit K. Singh, PhD, was educated at Harcourt Butler Technological Institute Kanpur and received his doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. Through his research, he developed a novel sequential-co-culture technique for the efficient bioconversion of sugars to bioethanol, and important innovation in the field of biofuels and fermentation technology. He has more than 25 publications in international journals, conference proceedings, and chapters in books. He has also organized several national seminars, faculty development programs and other academic activities.

Gaurav Chaudhary, Ph.D. is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Biotechnology at Mangalayatan University, Aligarh, having earned Since a doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technolog in Roorkee, India in the field of biofuel/bioenergy. He has published five research articles in peer reviewed international journals and presented his research work in several national and international conferences. Currently he is involved in teaching & research development activities in the areas of biochemical engineering, biofuels, bioenergy, and phytochemicals.

Inhalt

**1 Process Engineering Biofuel Production 1
Opubo Gbanaye Benebo

1.1 Biofuel Production Background 1

1.1.1 General Limitations 2

1.1.2 Limitation of Cashcrop Raw Material 4

1.1.3 Limitations of Algae Raw Materials Remediation 5

1.1.4 Limitations Remediation 5

1.2 Process Engineering Liquid Biofuel Production 8

1.2.1 Algae Cultivation Assessment 8

1.2.2 Algal Cultivation Inefficiencies Remediation 11

1.2.3 Technology Development 12

1.2.4 Lessons from the Algae Biofuel Industry Collapse 13

1.2.5 Process Development Norms 14

1.2.6 Research Team 15

1.2.7 Alga Cultivation General Issues 16

1.2.8 Biofuel Process Technology 17

1.3 Algal Cultivation Process Technology 18

1.3.1 Cellular Reaction Kinetics Analysis 19

1.3.2 Cultivation Bench-Scale Model Design 20

1.3.3 Cultivation Bioreactor 21

1.3.4 Concentrator Harvesting of Cells 21

1.3.5 Cell Rupture Technology 21

1.3.6 BioFeedstock Separation Process 22

1.3.7 Bench-Scale Cultivation Process Technology 23

1.3.8 Process Technology Financial Viability Design 23

1.3.9 Process Technology Sustainability Engineering 24

1.3.10 Process Technology Optimization Engineering 25

1.3.11 Base Cultivation Process Technology 26

1.4 Algal Biomass Biorefinery Process Engineering 26

1.4.1 Resourcing Algal Biomass 27

1.4.2 Microbes Nutrients-Feed Production 28

1.4.3 Fermentation Process Technology 28

1.4.4 Biodiesel Process Technology 29

1.4.5 Biorefinery Process Technology 29

1.4.6 Engineering Cost Impact Analysis 30

Acknowledgment 32

About the Author 33

References 34

**2 A Renewable Source of Hydrocarbons and High Value Co-Products from Algal Biomass 35
Abhishek Walia, Samriti Sharma and Saruchi

2.1 Introduction 36

2.2 Algal Biomass Production 38

2.2.1 Growth Conditions 38

2.2.1.1 Temperature 38

2.2.1.2 Light Intensity 38

2.2.1.3 pH 39

2.2.1.4 Aeration and Mixing 39

2.2.1.5 Salinity 39

2.2.2 Photoautotrophic Production 40

2.2.2.1 Open Pond Production Pathway 40

2.2.2.2 Closed Photobioreactor Systems 40

2.2.3 Harvesting and Dewatering of Algal Biomass 42

2.2.3.1 Flocculation 42

2.2.3.2 Chemical Flocculation 42

2.2.3.3 Electroflocculation 42

2.2.3.4 Biofloculation 43

2.2.3.5 Magnetic Separation of Algae 43

2.2.3.6 Dissolved Air Flotation 43

2.2.3.7 Filtration 43

2.2.3.8 Centrifugation 43

2.2.3.9 Attachment/Biofilm-Based Systems 44

2.3 Developments in Algal Cultivation for Fuel By Using Different Production System 44

2.3.1 Stirred Tank Photobioreactor 45

2.3.2 Vertical Tubular Photobioreactors 45

2.3.2.1 Bubble Column 45

2.3.2.2 Airlift Reactors 46

2.3.3 Horizontal Tubular Photobioreactors 46

2.3.4 Flat Panel Photobioreactor 47

2.4 Algal Biofuels Feedstock of the Future 48

2.4.1 Biohydrogen 49

2.4.2 Biobutanol 49

2.4.3 Jet Fuel 50

2.4.4 Biogas 50

2.4.5 Bioethanol 51

2.5 Biofuel Pathways 51

2.5.1 Thermo-Chemical Conversion 52

2.5.2 Biochemical Conversion 52

2.5.3 Alcoholic Fermentation 53

2.5.4 Biophotolysis 53

2.6 High Value Co-Products from Algal Biomass 53

2.6.1 Algae in Human Nutrition 54

2.6.2 Algae in Animal and Aquaculture Feed 54

2.6.3 Algae as Fertilizer 55

2.6.4 Algae as Recombinant Protein 56

2.6.5 Algae as Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFAs) 56

2.7 Microalgae in Wastewater Treatment 57

2.8 Economics of Algae Cultivation 58

2.9 Problems and Potential of Alga-Culture 61 <...