Evolution of Meteorology

The essential guide to the history, current trends, and the future of meteorology

This comprehensive review explores the evolution of the field of meteorology, from its infancy in 3000 bc, through the birth of fresh ideas and the naming of the field as a science, to the technology boom, to today. The Evolution of Meteorology reveals the full story of where meteorology was then to where it is now, where the field is heading, and what needs to be done to get the field to levels never before imagined. Authored by experts of the topic, this book includes information on forecasting technologies, organizations, governmental agencies, and world cooperative projects.

The authors explore the ancient history of the first attempts to understand and predict weather and examine the influence of the very early birth of television, computers, and technologies that are useful to meteorology. This modern-day examination of meteorology is filled with compelling research, statistics, future paths, ideas, and suggestions. This vital resource:

• Examines current information on climate change and recent extreme weather events

• Starts with the Ancient Babylonians and ends with the largest global agreement of any kind with the Paris Agreement

• Includes current information on the most authoritative research in the field of meteorology

• Contains data on climate change theories and understanding, as well as extreme weather statistics and histories

This enlightening text explores in full the history of the study of meteorology in order to bring awareness to the overall path and future prospects of meteorology.

Autorentext

Kevin A. Teague and Nicole Gallicchio are the cofounders of Forecasting Consultants LLC, a private weather forecasting and forensic company geared towards a multitude of industries and users. Their business has allowed the authors to grow and expand their knowledge base in all aspects of atmospheric science.

Inhalt
About the Authors xiii

Preface xv

Acknowledgments xvii

Section I Building Blocks of Meteorology (3000 bcad 1950) 1

1 Ancient Civilizations, Philosophical Theories, and Folklore (3000 bcad 1400) 3
Kevin Anthony Teague

1.1 Ancient Babylonians 3

1.2 Ancient Chinese 4

1.3 Aristotle and Meteorologica 4

1.4 Theophrastus and the Book of Signs 5

1.5 Ibn Wahshiyya and Nabataean Agriculture 6

1.6 William of Ockham and Nominalism 6

1.7 Religion, Folklore, and Animals 7

2 Inventions of Weather Instruments (14001800) 11
Nicole Gallicchio

2.1 Rain Gauge 11

2.2 Hygrometer 12

2.3 Thermometer 13

2.4 Barometer 15

2.5 Anemometer 16

3 The Birth of Modern Meteorology (18001950) 19
Kevin Anthony Teague and Nicole Gallicchio

3.1 Telegraph 19

3.2 Fitzroy 20

3.3 Hugo Hildebrand Hildebrandsson 20

3.4 Weather Balloons/Radiosondes 20

3.5 Birth of Governmental Weather Departments 22

3.6 Numerical Weather Prediction 25

3.7 Weather Broadcasting 26

3.8 Forecasting for WWII 26

3.9 Extreme Weather Forecasting: 'Nowcasting' 27

Section II The Early Television, Computer, Satellite, and Radar Era (19501980) 31

4 Television and the First Computerized Advancements 33
Kevin Anthony Teague

4.1 Television in the Household 33

4.2 Television Weather Forecasting of the 1950s 33

4.3 Television Weather Forecasting of the 1960s and 1970s 34

4.4 The Beginning of Computers and Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) 35

4.5 Computers and NWP in the Met Office 37

4.6 Computers and NWP Worldwide 37

4.7 The 1970s and Its Lasting Influences on Forecasting 39

5 Radar and Satellite History 43
Nicole Gallicchio

5.1 Invention of the Radar 43

5.2 Development of Weather Radar 44

5.3 Invention of the Satellite 46

5.4 Remote Sensing 46

5.5 Development of Weather Satellites 47

Section III Modern?]Day Technologies, Advancements, and Social Media Impacts (19802013) 51

6 Personal Technology Boom 53
Nicole Gallicchio

6.1 Television Networks 53

6.2 Personal Computers 55

6.3 The Internet and Meteorology 56

6.4 Cellphones and Social Media 56

6.5 Movies 58

7 Covering Major Storms 61
Nicole Gallicchio

7.1 The Great Storm of 1987 61

7.2 Hurricanes and Tropical Cyclones 63

7.3 Tornadoes 66

7.4 Floods, Droughts, and Wildfires 68

7.5 Storm Chasing 70

7.6 Media

8 The Rise of Modern Computer Models 75
Kevin Anthony Teague

8.1 European Center for Medium?]Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) 75

8.2 Main US Models 78

8.3 Specific Use Forecasting Models 79

8.4 Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) 79

8.5 Global Data?]Processing and Forecasting System (GDPFS) 80

8.6 Main Model Biases and Various Characteristics 80

9 Advancements within the Nationalized Governmental Weather Departments 87
Kevin Anthony Teague

9.1 The National Weather Service 87

9.2 The Met Office 91

9.3 Advancements across the World 93

9.4 Radar Development 96

9.5 New Satellite Developments 100

10 Meteorological Agencies at the Global and Private Level 107
Kevin Anthony Teague

10.1 World Government Agencies 107

10.2 Operations of World Organizations 110

10.3 Global Discussions 110

10.4 What a Private?]Sector Weather Business Entails 111

10.5 Government vs. Private Sector 112

10.6 The Lesser?]Known Services of the Private Sector 115 ...