Large-scale Distributed Systems and Energy Efficiency

Addresses innovations in technology relating to the energy efficiency of a wide variety of contemporary computer systems and networks

With concerns about global energy consumption at an all-time high, improving computer networks energy efficiency is becoming an increasingly important topic. Large-Scale Distributed Systems and Energy Efficiency: A Holistic View addresses innovations in technology relating to the energy efficiency of a wide variety of contemporary computer systems and networks. After an introductory overview of the energy demands of current Information and Communications Technology (ICT), individual chapters offer in-depth analyses of such topics as cloud computing, green networking (both wired and wireless), mobile computing, power modeling, the rise of green data centers and high-performance computing, resource allocation, and energy efficiency in peer-to-peer (P2P) computing networks.

• Discusses measurement and modeling of the energy consumption method

• Includes methods for energy consumption reduction in diverse computing environments

• Features a variety of case studies and examples of energy reduction and assessment

Timely and important, Large-Scale Distributed Systems and Energy Efficiency is an invaluable resource for ways of increasing the energy efficiency of computing systems and networks while simultaneously reducing the carbon footprint.

Autorentext

Jean-Marc Pierson is a Professor in Computer Science at the University of Toulouse?(France). Jean-Marc Pierson received his PhD from the ENS-Lyon, France in1996. He was an Associate Professor at the University Littoral?Cote-d'Opale (1997-2001) in Calais, then at INSA-Lyon (2001-2006). He is a member of the IRIT Laboratory and Chair of the SEPIA Team on distributed systems. His research focuses on energy- aware distributed systems, in particular?monitoring, job placement and scheduling, green networking, autonomic computing, and mathematical modelling.

Inhalt
Preface xv

Acknowledgment xvii

1 INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN LARGE-SCALE DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 1
Jean-Marc Pierson and Helmut Hlavacs

1.1 Energy Consumption Status 1

1.2 Target of the Book 3

1.3 The Cost Action IC0804 4

1.3.1 Birth of the Action 4

1.3.2 Development of the Action 5

1.3.3 End and Future of the Action 10

1.4 Chapters Preview 11

Acknowledgement 12

References 12

2 HARDWARE LEVERAGES FOR ENERGY REDUCTION IN LARGE-SCALE DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS 17
Davide Careglio, Georges Da Costa, and Sergio Ricciardi

2.1 Introduction 17

2.1.1 Motivation for Energy-Aware Distributed Computing 17

2.2 Processor 19

2.2.1 Context 19

2.2.2 Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) 20

2.2.3 Vendors 21

2.2.4 General-Purpose Graphics Processing Unit (GPGPU) 23

2.2.5 ARM Architecture 24

2.3 Memory (DRAM) 25

2.3.1 Context 25

2.3.2 Power Consumption 25

2.3.3 Energy Efficiency Techniques 26

2.3.4 Vendors 26

2.4 Disk/Flash 27

2.4.1 Spindle Speed 28

2.4.2 Seek Speed 28

2.4.3 Power Modes 29

2.4.4 Power Consumption 29

2.4.5 Solid-State Drive (SDD) 29

2.5 Fan 30

2.6 Power Supply Unit 30

2.7 Network Infrastructure 31

2.7.1 Current Scenario 31

2.7.2 New Energy-Oriented Model 32

2.7.3 Current Advances in Networking 33

2.7.4 Adaptive Link Rate (ALR) 34

2.7.5 Low Power Idle (LPI) 34

2.7.6 Energy-Aware Dynamic RWA Framework 34

2.7.7 Energy-Aware Network Attacks 35

References 36

3 GREEN WIRED NETWORKS 41
Alfonso Gazo Cervero, Michele Chincoli, Lars Dittmann, Andreas Fischer, Alberto E. Garcia, Jaime Galán-Jiménez, Laurent Lefevre, Hermann de Meer, Thierry Monteil, Paolo Monti, Anne-Cecile Orgerie, Louis-Francois Pau, Chris Phillips, Sergio Ricciardi, Remi Sharrock, Patricia Stolf, Tuan Trinh, and Luca Valcarenghi

3.1 Economic Incentives and Green Tariffing 44

3.1.1 Regulatory, Economic, and Microeconomic Measures 44

3.1.2 Pricing Theory in Relation to Green Policies 46

3.1.3 COST Action Results 50

3.2 Network Components 51

3.2.1 Router 51

3.2.2 Network Interface Card 55

3.2.3 Reconfigurable Optical Add-Drop Multiplexer 56

3.2.4 Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer 56

3.3 Architectures 57

3.3.1 Access Networks 57

3.3.2 Carrier Networks 58

3.3.3 Grid Overlay Networks 58

3.4 Traffic Considerations 59

3.5 Energy-Saving Mechanisms 60

3.5.1 Static Mechanisms 60

3.5.2 Dynamic Mechanisms 61

3.6 Challenges 72

3.7 Summary 72

References 73

4 GREEN WIRELESS-ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN WIRELESS NETWORKS 81
Vitor Bernardo, Torsten Braun, Marilia Curado, Markus Fiedler, David Hock, Theus Hossmann, Karin Anna Hummel, Philipp Hurni, Selim Ickin, Almerima Jamakovic-Kapic, Simin Nadjm-Tehrani, Tuan Ahn Trinh, Ekhiotz Jon Vergara, Florian Wamser, and Thomas Zinner

4.1 Introduction 81

4.2 Metrics and Trade-Offs in Wireless Networks 83

4.2.1 Metrics 83

4.2.2 Energy Optimization Trade-Offs 84

4.2.3 Summary 85

4.3 Measurement Methodology 85

4.3.1 Energy Measurement Testbeds 86

4.3.2 Energy Estimation Techniques 90

4.3.3 Energy Measurements versus Estimation 97

4.3.4 Summary 99

4.4 Energy Efficiency and QoE in Wireless Access Networks 100

4.4.1 Energy Issues in Cellular Networks 100

4.4.2 Energy Efficiency and QoE in Wireless Mesh Networks 101

4.4.3 Reducing Energy Consumption of the End User Device 105 4.4.4 Energy Measurements Revealing Video QoE Issues 10...