Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces

Eine allgemeine und dennoch ausführliche Einführung in die Oberflächen- und Grenzflächenphysik. Der Text spiegelt die Vielseitigkeit dieses Fachgebietes wieder, indem thermodynamische Grundlagen mit ingenieurwissenschaftlichen Themen wie Benetzung von Oberflächen, Reibung und Schmierung verknüpft werden. Die vorgestellte Theorie wird durch die Beschreibung von Verfahren und Anwendungen in Oberflächen- und Biotechnologie sowie in der Mikroelektronik beispielhaft illustriert.
Das Werk richtet sich an Studenten der Physik, Chemie und der Materialwissenschaften in den höheren Semestern und eignet sich gleichwohl als Einführung für Ingenieure und Wissenschaftler.

Autorentext
Hans-Jürgen Butt studied physics at the Universities of Hamburg and Göttingen, Germany. Then he went to the Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysics in Frankfurt. After receiving his Ph.D. in 1989 he went as a postdoc to Santa Barbara, California, and learned using the newly developed atomic force microscope. From 1990-95 he spent as a researcher back in Germany at the Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysics. In 1996 he became associate professor at the University of Mainz. Three years later he moved to Siegen to become full professor for physical chemistry. Only two years later he joined the Max-Planck-Institute of Polymer Research in Mainz. Karlheinz Graf studied chemistry at the universities of Erlangen and Mainz, Germany. After receiving his Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry in 1997, he went as a postdoc to Santa Barbara, California working on physicochemical aspects of myelin and lung surfactant. Back in Mainz he investigated nanostructured lipopolymer films. Scince 2001 he is working on model systems for microsystem technology in the group of Prof. Hans-Jürgen Butt at the Max-Planck-Institut for Polymer Research and the University of Siegen.

Michael Kappl studied physics at the University of Regensburg and the Technical University of Munich. He finished his PhD at the Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysics in Frankfurt/Main in 1996. From 1997 - 1998 he did one and a half years of postdoctoral research at the University of Mainz in the group of Prof. Butt. From 1998-2000 he worked as a IT consultant at Pallas Soft AG, Regensburg. In 2000, he rejoined the group of Prof. Butt at the University of Siegen. Since end of 2002 he is project leader at the MPI for Polymer research in Mainz.

Klappentext
Serving as a general introduction to surface and interface science, this book focuses on basic concepts rather than specific details, on intuitive understanding rather than learning facts. The text reflects that physics and chemistry of surfaces is a diverse field of research which involves classical scientific and engineering disciplines. Fundamentals subject like thermodynamics of interfaces as well as applied topics such as wetting, friction, and lubrication are discussed. The most important techniques and methods are introduced. Readers will be able to apply simple models to their own scientific problems. Furthermore, manifold high end technological applications are shown parallel with the basic scientific treatment, e.g. AFM, surface technology, biotechnology, microelectronics, biomaterials.

The authors address advanced students of chemistry, physics, materials science, chemical engineering and related subjects with a basic knowledge of natural sciences and mathematics. Also scientists and engineers who are not yet specialists in surface science but want to learn more about this important subject will benefit from the book.

From the Contents:

• Liquid Surfaces
• Thermodynamics of interfaces
• The electric double layer
• Effects at charged interfaces
• Surface forces
• Contact angle phenomena and wetting
• Solid surfaces
• Adsorption
• Surface modification
• Friction, lubrication, and wear
• Surfactants, micelles, emulsions, and foams
• Thin films on surfaces of liquids

Inhalt
Preface. 1 Introduction.

2 Liquid surfaces.

2.1 Microscopic picture of the liquid surface.

2.2 Surface tension.

2.3 Equation of Young and Laplace.

2.3.1 Curved liquid surfaces.

2.3.2 Derivation of the YoungLaplace equation.

2.3.3 Applying the YoungLaplace equation.

2.4 Techniques to measure the surface tension.

2.5 The Kelvin equation.

2.6 Capillary condensation.

2.7 Nucleation theory.

2.8 Summary.

2.9 Exercises.

3 Thermodynamics of interfaces.

3.1 The surface excess.

3.2 Fundamental thermodynamic relations.

3.2.1 Internal energy and Helmholtz energy.

3.2.2 Equilibrium conditions.

3.2.3 Location of the interface.

3.2.4 Gibbs energy and definition of the surface tension.

3.2.5 Free surface energy, interfacial enthalpy and Gibbs surface energy.

3.3 The surface tension of pure liquids.

3.4 Gibbs adsorption isotherm.

3.4.1 Derivation.

3.4.2 System of two components.

3.4.3 Experimental aspects.

3.4.4 The Marangoni effect.

3.5 Summary.

3.6 Exercises.

4 The electric double layer.

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 PoissonBoltzmann theory of the diffuse double layer.

4.2.1 The PoissonBoltzmann equation.

4.2.2 Planar surfaces.

4.2.3 The full one-dimensional case.

4.2.4 The Grahame equation.

4.2.5 Capacity of the diffuse electric double layer.

4.3 Beyond PoissonBoltzmann theory.

4.3.1 Limitations of the PoissonBoltzmann theory.

4.3.2 The Stern layer.

4.4 The Gibbs free energy of the electric double layer.

4.5 Summary.

4.6 Exercises.

5 Effects at charged interfaces.

5.1 Electrocapillarity.

5.1.1 Theory.

5.1.2 Measurement of electrocapillarity.

5.2 Examples of charged surfaces.

5.2.1 Mercury.

5.2.2 Silver iodide.

5.2.3 Oxides.

5.2.4 Mica.

5.2.5 Semiconductors.

5.3 Measuring surface charge densities.

5.3.1 Potentiometric colloid titration.

5.3.2 Capacitances.

5.4 Electrokinetic phenomena: The zeta potential.

5.4.1 The NavierStokes equation.

5.4.2 Electro-osmosis and streaming potential.

5.4.3 Electrophoresis and sedimentation potential.

5.5 Types of potentials.

5.6 Summary.

5.7 Exercises.

6 Surface forces.

6.1 Vander Waals forces between molecules.

6.2 The van der Waals force between macroscopic solids.

6.2.1 Microscopic approach.

6.2.2 Macroscopic calculationLifshitz theory.

6.2.3 Surface energy and Hamaker constant.

6.3 Concepts for the description of surface forces.

6.3.1 The Derjaguin approximation.

6.3.2 The disjoining pressure.

6.4 Measurement of surface forces.

6.5 The electrostatic double-layer force.

6.5.1 General equations.

6.5.2 Electrostatic interaction between two identical surfaces.

6.5.3 The DLVO theory.

6.6 Beyond DLVO theory.

6.6.1 The solvation force and confined liquids.

6.6.2 Non DLVO forces in an aqueous medium.

6.7 Steric interaction.

6.7.1 Properties of polymers.

6.7.2 Force between polymer coated surfaces.

6.8 Spherical particles in contact.

6.9 Summary.

6.10 Exercises.

7 Contact angle phenomena and wetting.

7.1 Young's equation.

7.1.1 The contact angle.

7.1.2 Derivation.

7.1.3 The line tension.

7.1.4 Complete wetting

7.2 Important wetting geometries.

7.2.1 Capillary rise. <p...