VSC-FACTS-HVDC

An authoritative reference on the new generation of VSC-FACTS and VSC-HVDC systems and their applicability within current and future power systems

VSC-FACTS-HVDC and PMU: Analysis, Modelling and Simulation in Power Grids provides comprehensive coverage of VSC-FACTS and VSC-HVDC systems within the context of high-voltage Smart Grids modelling and simulation. Readers are presented with an examination of the advanced computer modelling of the VSC-FACTS and VSC-HVDC systems for steady-state, optimal solutions, state estimation and transient stability analyses, including numerous case studies for the reader to gain hands-on experience in the use of models and concepts.

Key features:

• Wide-ranging treatment of the VSC achieved by assessing basic operating principles, topology structures, control algorithms and utility-level applications.

• Detailed advanced models of VSC-FACTS and VSC-HVDC equipment, suitable for a wide range of power network-wide studies, such as power flows, optimal power flows, state estimation and dynamic simulations.

• Contains numerous case studies and practical examples, including cases of multi-terminal VSC-HVDC systems.

• Includes a companion website featuring MATLAB software and Power System Computer Aided Design (PSCAD) scripts which are provided to enable the reader to gain hands-on experience.

• Detailed coverage of electromagnetic transient studies of VSC-FACTS and VSC-HVDC systems using the de-facto industry standard PSCAD/EMTDC simulation package.

An essential guide for utility engineers, academics, and research students as well as industry managers, engineers in equipment design and manufacturing, and consultants.

Autorentext

Professor Enrique Acha, Laboratory of Electrical Energy Engineering, Tampere University of Technology, Finland Dr Pedro Roncero-ánchez, Department of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Control Systems, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain Dr Antonio de la Villa-Jaén, Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Seville, Spain Dr Luis M. Castro, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico Dr Behzad Kazemtabrizi, School of Engineering, Durham University, UK

Inhalt
Preface xiii

About the Book xvii

Acknowledgements xxi

About the Companion Website xxiii

1 Flexible Electrical Energy Systems 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Classification of Flexible Transmission System Equipment 5

1.2.1 SVC 6

1.2.2 STATCOM 7

1.2.3 SSSC 9

1.2.4 Compound VSC Equipment for AC Applications 10

1.2.5 CSC-HVDC Links 12

1.2.6 VSC-HVDC 13

1.3 Flexible Systems Vs Conventional Systems 15

1.3.1 Transmission 16

1.3.1.1 HVAC Vs HVDC Power Transmission for Increased Power Throughputs 16

1.3.1.2 VAR Compensation 19

1.3.1.3 Frequency Compensation 24

1.3.2 Generation 27

1.3.2.1 Wind Power Generation 28

1.3.2.2 Solar Power Generation 30

1.3.3 Distribution 33

1.3.3.1 Load Compensation 35

1.3.3.2 Dynamic Voltage Support 35

1.3.3.3 Flexible Reconfigurations 36

1.3.3.4 AC-DC Distribution Systems 37

1.3.3.5 DC Power Grids with Multiple Voltage Levels 40

1.3.3.6 Smart Grids 40

1.4 Phasor Measurement Units 43

1.5 Future Developments and Challenges 46

1.5.1 Generation 46

1.5.2 Transmission 47

1.5.3 Distribution 48

References 49

2 Power Electronics for VSC-Based Bridges 53

2.1 Introduction 53

2.2 Power Semiconductor Switches 53

2.2.1 The Diode 55

2.2.2 The Thyristor 56

2.2.3 The Bipolar Junction Transistor 57

2.2.4 The Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor 59

2.2.5 The Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor 59

2.2.6 The Gate Turn-Off Thyristor 59

2.2.7 The MOS-Controlled Thyristor 60

2.2.8 Considerations for the Switch Selection Process 61

2.3 Voltage Source Converters 61

2.3.1 Basic Concepts of PulseWidth Modulated-Output Schemes and Half-Bridge VSC 62

2.3.2 Single-Phase Full-Bridge VSC 66

2.3.2.1 PWM with Bipolar Switching 67

2.3.2.2 PWM with Unipolar Switching 69

2.3.2.3 Square-Wave Mode 69

2.3.2.4 Phase-Shift Control Operation 69

2.3.3 Three-Phase VSC 72

2.3.4 Three-Phase Multilevel VSC 74

2.3.4.1 The Multilevel NPC VSC 76

2.3.4.2 The Multilevel FC VSC 80

2.3.4.3 The Cascaded H-Bridge VSC 81

2.3.4.4 PWM Techniques for Multilevel VSCs 85

2.3.4.5 An Alternative Multilevel Converter Topology 85

2.4 HVDC Systems Based on VSC 88

2.5 Conclusions 94

References 95

3 Power Flows 99

3.1 Introduction 99

3.2 Power Network Modelling 100

3.2.1 Transmission Lines Modelling 100

3.2.2 Conventional Transformers Modelling 100

3.2.3 LTC Transformers Modelling 101

3.2.4 Phase-Shifting Transformers Modelling 101

3.2.5 Compound Transformers Modelling 102

3.2.6 Series and Shunt Compensation Modelling 102

3.2.7 Load Modelling 102

3.2.8 Network Nodal Admittance 102

3.3 Peculiarities of the Power Flow Formulation 103

3.4 The Nodal Power Flow Equations 105

3.5 The Newton-Raphson Method in Rectangular Coordinates 106

3.5.1 The Linearized Equations 107

3.5.2 Convergence Characteristics of the Newton-Raphson Method 108

3.5.3 Initialization of Newton-Raphson Power Flow Solutions 109

3.5.4 Incorporation of PMU Information in Newton-Raphson Power Flow Solutions 111

3.6 The Voltage Source Converter Model 112

3.6.1 VSC Nodal Admittance Matrix Representation 113

3.6.2 Full VSC Station Model 115

3.6.3 VSC Nodal Power Equations 117

3.6.4 VSC Linearized System of Equations 117

3.6.5 Non-Regulated Power Flow Solutions 119

3.6.6 Practical Implementations 120

3.6.6.1 Control Strategy 120 3.6...