Circadian Medicine

Circadian rhythms, the biological oscillations based around our
24-hour clock, have a profound effect on human physiology and
healthy cellular function. Circadian Rhythms: Health and
Disease is a wide-ranging foundational text that provides
students and researchers with valuable information on the molecular
and genetic underpinnings of circadian rhythms and looks at the
impacts of disruption in our biological clocks in health and
disease.

Circadian Rhythms opens with chapters that lay the
fundamental groundwork on circadian rhythm biology. Section II
looks at the impact of circadian rhythms on major organ systems.
Section III then turns its focus to the central nervous system. The
book then closes with a look at the role of biological rhythms in
aging and neurodegeneration.

Written in an accessible and informative
style, Circadian Rhythms: Health and Disease,will be an
invaluable resource and entry point into this fascinating
interdisciplinary field that brings together aspects of
neuroscience, cell and molecular biology, and physiology.

Autorentext
Christopher S. Colwell is a neuroscientist and Professor in the Department of Psychiatriary and Biobehavioral Sciences at the University of California, Los Angeles.

Zusammenfassung

Circadian rhythms, the biological oscillations based around our 24-hour clock, have a profound effect on human physiology and healthy cellular function. Circadian Rhythms: Health and Disease is a wide-ranging foundational text that provides students and researchers with valuable information on the molecular and genetic underpinnings of circadian rhythms and looks at the impacts of disruption in our biological clocks in health and disease.

Circadian Rhythms opens with chapters that lay the fundamental groundwork on circadian rhythm biology. Section II looks at the impact of circadian rhythms on major organ systems. Section III then turns its focus to the central nervous system. The book then closes with a look at the role of biological rhythms in aging and neurodegeneration.

Written in an accessible and informative style, Circadian Rhythms: Health and Disease,will be an invaluable resource and entry point into this fascinating interdisciplinary field that brings together aspects of neuroscience, cell and molecular biology, and physiology.

Inhalt

List of Contributors xiii

Preface xvii

Part I Fundamental Concepts 1

1 Cytosolic and Transcriptional

Cycles Underlying Circadian **Oscillations 3
**Michael H. Hastings and John S. O'Neill

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Assembling the transcriptional feedback loop 5

1.3 Keeping the transcriptional clockworks in tune 9

1.4 Building posttranslational mechanisms into the circadian pacemaker 13

1.5 Is the transcriptional clock paramount? 15

1.6 Conclusion: cytoscillators, clocks and therapies 18

References 18

2 Molecular Determinants of Human **Circadian Clocks 25
**Steven A. Brown

2.1 Molecular elements of human clocks: a brief review 25

2.2 Peripheral and central clocks 26

2.3 Signaling to peripheral circadian clocks 28

2.4 Human peripheral and central clocks 29

2.5 Human genetics 29

2.6 Technologies for measurement of human circadian clocks 30

2.7 Cellular methods 30

2.8 Omics?]based methods to analyze human clocks 32

2.9 Summary and outlook 33

References 33

3 The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN): **Critical Points 37
**Christopher S. Colwell, Paul Witkovsky, and Rae Silver

3.1 SCN is site of master circadian pacemaker in mammals 37

3.2 SCN receives photic information through a specialized light detection pathway 39

3.3 SCN neurons are endogenous single cell oscillators that generate rhythms in neural activity 40

3.4 The SCN has circuit level organization that is just beginning to be unraveled 42

3.5 Coupling with the SCN circuit is mediated by a set of peptides with VIP on top of the hierarchy 44

3.6 SCN outputs 44

3.7 SCN in aging and disease 50

References 51

4 Sleep and Circadian Rhythms: Reciprocal Partners in the Regulation of Physiology **and Behavior 57
**Ralph Mistlberger

4.1 Introduction 57

4.2 What is sleep 59

4.3 Circadian regulation of sleep 60

4.4 Reciprocity: sleepwake feedback to the circadian clock 69

4.5 Conclusions: Circadian clocks and sleep are intertwined processes 73

References 73

5 Circadian Regulation of Arousal and its **Role in Fatigue 81
**David R. Bonsall and Mary E. Harrington

5.1 Defining arousal 81

5.2 Brain structures important for arousal 83

5.3 Neurochemicals signaling the states of arousal 84

5.4 Circadian regulation of the arousal system 86

5.5 Influence of input pathways on circadian regulation of arousal 88

5.6 Sustained states of fatigue: a disorder of the arousal network? 88

5.7 Conclusions 90

References 91

Part II Circadian Regulation of Major Physiological Systems 95

6 Physiology of the Adrenal and Liver **Circadian Clocks 97
**Alexei Leliavski and Henrik Oster

6.1 Introduction 97

6.2 Circadian control of adrenal function 98

6.3 Circadian control of liver function 101

6.4 Conclusion 105

References 105

7 Nutrition and Diet as Potent Regulators **of the Liver Clock 107
**Yu Tahara and Shigenobu Shibata

7.1 Introduction 107

7.2 Food is a zeitgeber: The FEO in the brain 107

7.3 The FEO in peripheral tissues 109

7.4 What should we eat? What types of food can stimulate the peripheral clock? 110

7.5 When should we eat? Application to human life science 112

7.6 Circadian rhythm and obesity and diabetes 113

References 116 **8 The Cardiovascular Clock 119
***R...