Application of Nanotechnology in Water Research

Details the water research applications of nanotechnology in
various areas including environmental science, remediation,
membranes, nanomaterials, and water treatment

At the nano size, materials often take on unique and sometimes
unexpected properties that result in them being 'tuned'
to build faster, lighter, stronger, and more efficient devices and
systems, as well as creating new classes of materials. In water
research, nanotechnology is applied to develop more cost-effective
and high-performance water treatment systems, as well as to provide
instant and continuous ways to monitor water quality.

This volume presents an array of cutting-edge nanotechnology
research in water applications including treatment, remediation,
sensing, and pollution prevention. Nanotechnology applications for
waste water research have significant impact in maintaining the
long-term quality, availability, and viability of water. Regardless
of the origin, such as municipal or industrial waste water, its
remediation utilizing nanotechnology can not only be recycled and
desalinized, but it can simultaneously detect biological and
chemical contamination.

Application of Nanotechnology in Water Research describes
a broad area of nanotechnology and water research where membrane
processes (nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, and
nanoreactive membranes) are considered key components of advanced
water purification and desalination technologies that remove,
reduce, or neutralize water contaminants that threaten human health
and/or ecosystem productivity and integrity. Various nanoparticles
and nanomaterials that could be used in water remediation
(zeolites, carbon nanotubes, self-assembled monolayer on mesoporous
supports, biopolymers, single-enzyme nanoparticles, zero-valent
iron nanoparticles, bimetallic iron nanoparticles, and nanoscale
semiconductor photocatalysts) are discussed. The book also covers
water-borne infectious diseases as well as water-borne pathogens,
microbes, and toxicity approach.

Autorentext

Ajay Kumar Mishra is currently working as an Associate
Professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, University of
Johannesburg, South Africa. He also holds the position of Adjunct
Professor at Jiangsu University, China. He is a group leader of
research areas for composites/nanocomposites, water research,
bio-inorganic chemistry, and nanochemistry.

Zusammenfassung

Details the water research applications of nanotechnology in various areas including environmental science, remediation, membranes, nanomaterials, and water treatment

At the nano size, materials often take on unique and sometimes unexpected properties that result in them being 'tuned' to build faster, lighter, stronger, and more efficient devices and systems, as well as creating new classes of materials. In water research, nanotechnology is applied to develop more cost-effective and high-performance water treatment systems, as well as to provide instant and continuous ways to monitor water quality.

This volume presents an array of cutting-edge nanotechnology research in water applications including treatment, remediation, sensing, and pollution prevention. Nanotechnology applications for waste water research have significant impact in maintaining the long-term quality, availability, and viability of water. Regardless of the origin, such as municipal or industrial waste water, its remediation utilizing nanotechnology can not only be recycled and desalinized, but it can simultaneously detect biological and chemical contamination.

Application of Nanotechnology in Water Research describes a broad area of nanotechnology and water research where membrane processes (nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, reverse osmosis, and nanoreactive membranes) are considered key components of advanced water purification and desalination technologies that remove, reduce, or neutralize water contaminants that threaten human health and/or ecosystem productivity and integrity. Various nanoparticles and nanomaterials that could be used in water remediation (zeolites, carbon nanotubes, self-assembled monolayer on mesoporous supports, biopolymers, single-enzyme nanoparticles, zero-valent iron nanoparticles, bimetallic iron nanoparticles, and nanoscale semiconductor photocatalysts) are discussed. The book also covers water-borne infectious diseases as well as water-borne pathogens, microbes, and toxicity approach.

Inhalt
**Preface xix

Part 1: General 1

1 Nanotechnology and Water: Ethical and Regulatory Considerations 3
*Jillian Gardner and Ames Dhai

• 1.1 Introduction 3

  1.2 Ethics and Nanotechnology 4

  1.3 Legal and Regulatory Issues and Concerns Related to the Application of Nanotechnology in the Water Sector 14

  1.4 Nanotechnology, Water and Human Health Research 17

  1.5 Conclusion 18

  References 19

  **2 Nanoparticles Released into Water Systems from Nanoproducts and Structural Nanocomposites Applications 21
  *James Njuguna, Laura Gendre and Sophia Sachse

• 2.1 Introduction 21

  2.2 Case Study on Polyurethane/Organically-Modified Montmorillonite (PU/OMMT) Nanofoam Nanoparticles in Water Suspension 23

  2.3 Methodology 25

  2.4 Results and Discussion 27

  2.5 Conclusion 32

  Acknowledgement 33

  References 33

  **Part 2: Remediation 37

3 Prospects for Immobilization of Microbial Sorbents on Carbon Nanotubes for Biosorption: Bioremediation of Heavy Metals Polluted Water 39
*E. Fosso-Kankeu, A.F. Mulaba-Bafubiandi and A.K. Mishra

• 3.1 Dispersion of Metal Pollutants in Water Sources 40

  3.2 Removal of Metal by Conventional Methods 41

  3.3 Microbial Sorbents for Removal of Toxic Heavy Metals from Water 42

  3.4 Immobilization of Microbial Sorbents on CNTs 50

  3.5 Conclusion 54

  References 54

  **4 Plasma Technology: A New Remediation for Water Purification with or without Nanoparticles 63
  *Pankaj Attri, Bharti Arora, Rohit Bhatia, P. Venkatesu and Eun Ha Choi

• 4.1 Introduction 63

  4.2 Water Purification Using Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) 64

  4.3 Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Plasma and Its Application towards Water Purification 65

  4.4 Application of Plasma for Water Purification 67

  4.5 Combined Action of Nanoparticles and Plasma for Water Purification 73

  4.6 Conclusion 74

  References 75

  **5 Polysaccharide-Based Nanosorbents in Water Remediation 79
  *R.B. Shrivastava, P. Singh, J. Bajpai and A.K. Bajpai

• 5.1 Introduction 80

  5.2 Water Pollution 81

  5.3 Hazardous Effects of Toxic Metal Ions 85

  5.4 Technologies for Water Remediation 87

  5.5 Shortcomings of the Technologies Used for Water Remediation 89

  5.6 Nanotechnology 90

  5.7 Polysaccharides 95

  5.8 Advantages of Using Polysaccharides for Removal of Toxic Metal Ions 104

  5.9 Brief Review of the Work Done 106

  References 107

  **Part 3: Membranes & Carbon Nanotubes 115

6 The Use of Carbonaceous Nanomembrane Filter for Organic Waste Removal 117
*Farheen Khan, Rizwan Wahab, Mohd. Rashid, Asif Khan, Asma Khatoon, Javed Musarrat and Abdulaziz A.Al-Khedhairy

• 6.1 Introduction 118

  6.2 Organic Wastes and Organic Pollutant 120

  6.3 Low-Cost Adsorbents 123

  6.4 Heavy Metals 124

  6.5 Composite Materials 127

  6.6 Carbonaceous Materials 128

  6.7 Experimental 132

  6.8 Nanomaterials 136

  6.9 Summary and Future Directions 139

  References 139

  **7 Carbon Nanotubes in the Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution 153
  *M.A. Mamo and A.K. Mishra

• 7.1 Introduction 153

  7.2 Synthesis of CNTs 155

  7.3 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 155

  7.4 Adsorption of Heavy Me…