Archiv für Begriffsgeschichte. Band 60/61

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ABSTRACTS Simon Noriega-Olmos: Not-Being, Nothing, and Contradiction in Plato's Sophist 236D-239C At 236D-239C, Sophist presents t...

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ABSTRACTS Simon Noriega-Olmos: Not-Being, Nothing, and Contradiction in Plato's Sophist 236D-239C At 236D-239C, Sophist presents three arguments to the conclusions, that the expression not-being does not say or express anything, that we cannot even conceive of the alleged entity of not- being and that we contradict ourselves when claiming that not-being is not and that the expression not-being does not express anything at all. I intend to answer five questions concerning these arguments: (Question 1) What does Plato mean when he says that the expression not-being does not say any- thing at all? (Q2) What sort of semantic relation does he think the expression not-being involves? (Q3) How could he possibly explain that not-being is, after all, an expression? (Q4) What does he think we are to learn about the contradictions ensued by our talk of not-being? (Q5) And what does he think is the ontological status of not- being? My motivation for considering these questions is that the arguments against not-being in Sophist 236D-239C have not been charitably discussed and therefore have not been fully explored. Manuel C. Ortiz de Landázuri: Plato's Concept of Power in Republic I In this paper I try to explore Plato's concept of power in the first book of the Republic as opposed to Thrasymachus'. I argue that the core of Thrasymchus' position is not to be found in his definitions of justice, but in his concept of power and, in this sense, he has a coherent philosophical position. I also claim that although Plato does not explicitly develop a concept of power, it is possible to find it in his arguments throughout the dialogue. Moreover, the link Plato establishes between power and knowledge is going to play a big role in the entirety of his political philosophy. Alessandro Stavru: Phainesthai, dokein und alêtheia in Platons Politeia Der Bezug zwischen Erscheinung (phainesthai), Schein (dokein), und Wahrheit (alêtheia) spielt in Platons Politeia eine wichtige Rolle. An mehreren Stellen im II., VI. und X. Buch wird die Wahrheit im Gegensatz zu einer Unwahrheit definiert, die in einem irreführenden Erscheinen (phainesthai bzw. dokein) von Gegen-ständen besteht. Die aus dem Erscheinen hervor- gehende Sichtbarkeit der Gegenstände ist zugleich trügerisch und erkenntnisstiftend: Einerseits trägt nämlich das Erscheinen dazu bei, die Wahrheit zu verbergen, andererseits kann nur durch dieses verbergende Erscheinen die Wahrheit hervortreten. Diese Ambivalenz wird im vorliegenden Aufsatz in Bezug auf das irrtümliche Erscheinen des Gottes (II, 378a383c), die Mimesis (X, 596d601b) und die Manifestation der alêtheia (VI, 510aVII, 532c) näher untersucht. Klaus Hedwig: Mons aureus. Transformationen einer philosophischen Metapher Das Bild des »goldenen Berges« (mons aureus) geht zurück auf geographische Angaben und Beschreibungen, die in der Antike als glaubwürdig angesehen wurden. In der Literatur illustriert die Metapher das Bedeutungsspektrum von Reichtum, Wohlergehen, Überfluss und Glück, spricht aber auch Warnungen aus. Dagegen werden in den philosophischen Interpretationen (im Rahmen der griechisch-lateinisch-arabischen Rezeptionen der Aristotelica) vor allem Konstitutionsprobleme des Fiktiven, auch der entia rationis, thematisiert. Die Metapher exemplifiziert Objekte, die logisch möglich sind, aber nicht wirklich existieren. In der Philosophiegeschichte bis in die aktuellen Analysen der non-existent objects hinein wurde das Bild des »goldenen Berges« daher stets mit der Frage verbunden, welche Instanzen wir als »wirklich«, »möglich« oder »unmöglich« rechtfertigen können. Als Beispiel spiegelt die Metapher die Transformationen, in denen sich das Wirklichkeitsverständnis der philosophischen Tradition wie in einem Prisma gebrochen hat. Damián J. Rosanovich: Civil Religion. The Controversy between William Warburton and Jean-Jacques Rousseau The purpose of this paper is to clarify the controversy between W. Warburton and J. J. Rousseau on civil religion, especially with regard to the relevance of this concept for the political theory of both philosophers. In order to analyze this, we consider (I) the relationship between Church and State in Warburton and the importance of religion for the political order, the significance of a harmonious alliance between Church and State and the pertinence of Christi- anity for this association. Furthermore, we explain (II) Rousseau's categoriza- tion of civil religion with regard to the deficiency of the intellect, the necessity to complement it and the particular character of religion. Finally, we expose (III) the dilemma of the tolerance of these theories. Gesa Wellmann: Lamberts Begriff eines metaphysischen Systems This article aims at providing a com- prehensive account of Lambert's no- tion of a system with regard to both his main works Organon (1764) and Architektonik (1771) and his posthumously published Fragment einer Systematologie (1778). I will argue that the mathematical method that so far has been taken to be the key feature of Lambert's systematic method by most of his scholars, only serves as one part of a broader systematic approach. The latter is characterized by its teleological orientation and only becomes intelligible by reading Lambert's main works in the light of Fragment einer Systematologie (1778). Alessandro Nannini: From the Density of Sense to the Density of the Sensible. The Emergence of Aesthetic Pregnancy from the Spirit of Hermeneutics Although pregnancy as a semantic and perceptual density is a central notion of aesthetics, scholarship has not yet conducted a genealogical inquiry into its early-modern roots. It is the aim of this investigation to make a contribution in this direction. My thesis is, that the idea of aesthetic pregnancy emerges in Alexander G. Baumgarten's philosophy as the outcome of the convergence between Leibnizian assumptions and a series of hermeneutical categories, which have hitherto been overlooked. After analyzing the role of pregnancy in Lutheran hermeneutics, I examine its reception in Baumgarten's philosophy, in the attempt to enhance the relationships with the earlier tradition. By reconfiguring the semantic density with the instruments of empirical psychology, I argue, Baumgarten is able to shift pregnancy from the hermeneutical domain of sense to the metaphysical domain of sensibility, thus paving the way for its fortune in future aesthetics. Jörg Noller: Kant und die Tradition des liberum arbitrium. Plädoyer für einen wohlverstandenen Begriff von Willkür From a philosophical point of view, the concept of Willkür is highly problematic. Although the word »Willkür« can be originally translated as »choice of the will«, which means a kind of individual freedom, it has, over the last 300 years, experienced a semantic pejoration, and now often stands for mere »arbitrariness«. The article examines the philosophical ambivalence of the concept of Willkür. It defends this concept from the charge that it is no consistent thought and rehabilitates it both historically and systematically. First, it exposes the pre-Kantian concept of the »liberum arbitrium voluntatis« in Augustine, Aquinas, and Leibniz' »franc arbitre«, which demonstrate the positive sense of the concept. Then it explores the systematic role of Willkür in Kant's philosophical work. Finally, it addresses contemporary attempts to revitalize this concept in the analytic debate on freedom. Mario Caimi: Über den Ausdruck Erkenntnis in Kants Kritik der reinen Vernunft German words ending in -nis can have either the female or the neutral gender. As is well known, in his Critique of Pure Reason as well as in other writings, Kant often shifts from the neuter to the feminine for words having the mentioned ending, without thereby leading to a difference in meaning. However, in German the word »knowledge« (as a neuter noun) does not only have an epistemological meaning, but a legal sense as well. It has the meaning of »arbitration award,…