This thesis presents a simple, yet highly effective surface engineering solution that uses non-covalent binding peptides to control the autophagy-inducing activity of nanomaterials and nanodevices. The author presents RE-1, a short synthetic peptide that sequence-specifically binds to lanthanide (LN) oxide and upconversion nanocrystals with high affinity, which was discovered using an innovative phage display approach. RE-1 effectively inhibits the autophagy-inducing activity and toxicity of these nanocrystals by forming a stable coating layer on the surface of the nanoparticles, and by reducing their sedimentation and cell interaction. RE- 1 and its variants provide a versatile tool for tuning cell interactions in order to achieve the desired level of autophagic response and are useful for the various diagnostic and therapeutic applications of LN-based nanomaterials and nanodevices.

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Introduction.- Phage display identifies a specific high-affinity binding peptide RE-1 for lanthanide (LN) nanomaterials.- RE-1 forms a stable coating layer on the surface of upconversion nanoparticles / nanocrystals (UCN).- Reduction of UCN sedimentation and nanomaterialcell interaction by RE-1 coating.- RE-1 coating abrogates autophagy induction and toxicity for UCN in vitro and in vivo.- Enhancement of cell interaction and autophagy induction by coating with RE-1-RGD.-Conclusion and prospect.