Soft Matter Nanotechnology

Using the well-honed tools of nanotechnology, this book presents breakthrough results in soft matter research, benefitting from the synergies between the chemistry, physics, biology, materials science, and engineering communities. The team of international authors delves beyond mere structure-making and places the emphasis firmly on imparting functionality to soft nanomaterials with a focus on devices and applications. Alongside reviewing the current level of knowledge, they also put forward novel ideas to foster research and development in such expanding fields as nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine. As such, the book covers DNA-induced nanoparticle assembly, nanostructured substrates for circulating tumor cell capturing, and organic nano field effect transistors, as well as advanced dynamic gels and self-healing electronic nanodevices. With its interdisciplinary approach this book gives readers a complete picture of nanotechnology with soft matter.

Auteur
Xiaodong Chen is a Singapore NRF Fellow and Nanyang Assistant Professor at the School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (Singapore). He received his BSc degree in Chemistry from Fuzhou University (China) in 1999, his MSc degree in Physical Chemistry from the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2002, and his PhD degree in Biochemistry from the University of Munster (Germany) in 2006. After his postdoctoral work at Northwestern University (USA), he started his independent research career at Nanyang Technological University in 2009. His research interests include self-assembly, plasmonics, nanoelectronics, and integrated nano-photo-bio interfaces.

Harald Fuchs is Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Munster (Germany) and Scientific Director of the Center of Nanotechnology (CeNTech) in Munster. His research focuses on nanoscale science and nanotechnology, ranging from scanning probe microscopy to self-organized nanostructure fabrication, and nano-bio systems. He has published more than 450 scientific articles in top journals and received several awards. He is currently a member of various scientific organizations, German speaker of the international collabroation project TRR 61 commonly funded by DFG and NSFC, and founding member of the Herbert Gleiter Institute at NJUST, Nanjing China. He is elected member of the German National Academy of Science "Leopoldina" , the German Academy of Science and Engineering "acatech", and TWAS.

Contenu

List of Contributors XIII

Preface XIX

1 Chemical Reactions for the Synthesis of Organic Nanomaterials on Surfaces 1
Hong-Ying Gao, Oscar Díaz Arado, Harry Mönig, and Harald Fuchs

1.1 Introduction 1

1.1.1 Ullmann Coupling 2

1.1.2 Condensation Reactions 5

1.2 Alkane Polymerization 6

1.3 AzideAlkyne Cycloaddition 6

1.4 Glaser Coupling 9

1.5 Decarboxylative Polymerization of Acids 13

1.6 Conclusions 16

Acknowledgments 17

References 17

2 Self-Assembly of Organic Molecules into Nanostructures 21
Long Qin, Kai Lv, Zhaocun Shen, and Minghua Liu

2.1 Introduction 21

2.2 Classification of Nanostructures 22

2.3 General Self-Assembly Method for the Construction of Nanostructures 23

2.3.1 Reprecipitation 24

2.3.2 Gelation 26

2.3.3 LangmuirBlodgett Technique 27

2.3.4 Layer-by-Layer Assembly 29

2.3.5 Self-Assembly in Solution 31

2.4 Molecular Design and Building Blocks 33

2.4.1 Amphiphiles 33

2.4.1.1 Typical Amphiphiles 35

2.4.1.2 Bolaamphiphiles 35

2.4.1.3 Gemini Amphiphiles 37

2.4.1.4 Triangular Amphiphiles 38

2.4.1.5 Supra-amphiphiles 40

2.4.2 Gelators 41

2.4.2.1 Cholesterol-Based Gelators 41

2.4.2.2 Alkane- and Fatty Acid-Based Gelators 43

2.4.2.3 Nucleoside-Based Gelators 43

2.4.2.4 Amino Acid- and Peptide-Based Gelators 45

2.4.2.5 Carbohydrate-Based Gelators 50

2.4.3 -Functionalized System 51

2.4.3.1 Porphyrin 51

2.4.3.2 Molecular Graphene 53

2.4.3.3 -Conjugated Gelators 54

2.4.4 Dendrimers 55

2.5 Functions of Some Typical Nanostructures 56

2.5.1 Vesicles/Hollow Spheres 56

2.5.2 Nanotubes 62

2.5.2.1 Self-Assembled Lipid Nanotubes 62

2.5.2.2 Self-Assembled Peptide Nanotubes 65

2.5.2.3 Functionalization of Nanotubes 69

2.5.3 Nanofibers 74

2.6 Conclusions and Outlook 79

References 80

3 Supramolecular Nanotechnology: Soft Assembly of Hard Nanomaterials 95
Katsuhiko Ariga, Qingmin Ji, and Jonathan P. Hill

3.1 Introduction 95

3.2 Soft Cell-Like Structures with Hard Nanomaterials 96

3.2.1 Cerasome: Inorganic Surface Cell 96

3.2.2 FlakeShell Capsule 98

3.2.3 Metallic Cells 100

3.3 For Hierarchical Assembly: LbL and Others 101

3.3.1 Mesoporous Carbon in Hierarchical Assembly 101

3.3.2 Mesoporous Carbon Capsule in Layer-by-Layer Film 103

3.3.3 Layer-by-Layer Assembly of Graphene and Ionic Liquids 104

3.3.4 LbL Films of Mesoporous Silica Capsule for Controlled Release 105

3.4 Summary 107

Acknowledgments 107

References 107

4 Nanoparticles: Important Tools to Overcome the BloodBrain Barrier and Their Use for Brain Imaging 109
Ruirui Qiao, Mingyuan Gao, and Hans-Joachim Galla

4.1 Introduction 109

4.2 Physiology of the BloodBrain Barrier 110

4.2.1 The Endothelial BloodBrain Barrier 110

4.2.2 The BloodCSF Barrier 111

4.2.3 Regulation of the Barrier Tightness 112

4.2.4 Transport Routes and Drug Permeability across the BloodBrain Barrier 112

4.2.5 In vitro Models of the BBB and BloodCSF Barrier 114

4.3 Definition and Type of Nanoparticles and Nanocarriers for Brain Uptake 115

4.3.1 Organic Nanoparticles 115

4.3.1.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles 116

4.3.1.2 Liposomes and Lipidic Nanoparticles 117

4.3.1.3 Nanomeric Emulsions, Micelles, and Nanogels 117

4.3.1.4 Carbohydrates 118

4.3.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles 118

4.3.2.1 Magnetic Nanoparticles 119

4.3.2.2 Semiconductor Nanoparticles 119

4.3.2.3 Gold Nanoparticles 120 4.3...