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Applications which use wireless sensors are increasing in number. The emergence of wireless sensor networks has also motivated the integration of a large number of small and lightweight nodes which integrate sensors, processors, and wireless transceivers. Existing books on wireless sensor networks mainly focus on protocols and networks and pay little attention to the sensors themselves which the author believes is the main focus. Without adequate knowledge of sensors as well as how they can be designed, realized and used, books on wireless sensor networks become too theoretical and irrelevant. The purpose of this book is to intimately acquaint readers with the technique of sensing (resistive, capacitive, inductive, magnetic, inertial, etc.) and existing sensor technologies. It also discusses how the sensors are used in a wide application domain and how new sensors can be designed and used in a novel way.
Auteur
Waltenegus Dargie, Associate Professor, Dresden University of Technology, Germany.
Professor Dargie holds a PhD in Computer Engineering from the Technical University of Dresden, Germany (2006). His educational background in electrical engineering, electronics, and computer engineering inspired him to consolidate these subject areas in a single book. He has rich teaching and research experience at various universities, having taught wireless sensor networks, computer networks, and stochastic processes for more than eight years. These courses have enabled him to collect a vast amount of material used in this book. In 2010 he co-authored a book on wireless sensor networks, which is now being used as a text book in many universities around the world (Fundamentals of Wireless Sensor Networks: Theory and Practice, Wiley).
Contenu
Preface xiii
About the Companion Website xv
List of Abbreviations xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 System Overview 2
1.1.1 Sensing System 2
1.1.2 Conditioning System 3
1.1.3 Analogue-to-digital Signal Conversion 3
1.1.4 Processor 4
1.2 Example: AWireless Electrocardiogram 4
1.3 Organisation of the Book 7
2 Applications 9
2.1 Civil Infrastructure Monitoring 9
2.1.1 Bridges and Buildings 10
2.1.2 Water Pipelines 17
2.2 Medical Diagnosis and Monitoring 21
2.2.1 Parkinson's Disease 21
2.2.2 Alzheimer's Disease 25
2.2.3 Sleep Apnea and Medical Journalling 26
2.2.4 Asthma 28
2.2.5 Gastroparesis 31
2.3 Water-quality Monitoring 34
References 39
3 Conditioning Circuits 44
3.1 Voltage and Current Sources 44
3.2 Transfer Function 45
3.3 Impedance Matching 51
3.4 Filters 56
3.5 Amplification 61
3.5.1 Closed-loop Amplifiers 63
3.5.2 Difference Amplifier 65
References 70
4 Electrical Sensing 72
4.1 Resistive Sensing 73
4.2 Capacitive Sensing 78
4.3 Inductive Sensing 84
4.4 Thermoelectric Effect 91
References 94
5 Ultrasonic Sensing 96
5.1 UltrasonicWave Propagation 100
5.2 Wave Equation 106
5.3 Factors Affecting UltrasonicWave Propagation 108
References 111
6 Optical Sensing 114
6.1 Photoelectric Effect 116
6.2 Compton Effect 120
6.3 Pair Production 126
6.4 Raman Scattering 127
6.5 Surface Plasmon Resonance 131
References 133
7 Magnetic Sensing 136
7.1 Superconducting Quantum Interference Devices 136
7.1.1 DC-SQUID 139
7.1.2 RF-SQUID 141
7.2 Anisotropic Magnetoresistive Sensing 142
7.3 Giant Magnetoresistance 148
7.4 Tunnelling Magnetoresistance 151
7.5 Hall-effect Sensing 155
References 157
8 Medical Sensing 160
8.1 Excitable Cells and Biopotentials 161
8.1.1 Resting Potential 162
8.1.2 Channel Current 166
8.1.3 Action Potentials 166
8.1.4 Propagation of Action Potentials 167
8.1.5 Measuring Action Potentials 171
8.2 Cardiac Action Potentials 175
8.2.1 Propagation of Cardiac Action Potentials 177
8.2.2 The Electrocardiogram 180
8.2.2.1 Re-entry 181
8.2.2.2 Loss of Membrane Potential 182
8.2.2.3 Afterdepolarisations 183
8.3 Brain Action Potentials 185
8.3.1 Electroencephalography 188
8.3.2 Volume Conduction 193
8.3.3 Electrode Placement 195
References 198
9 Microelectromechanical Systems 202
9.1 Miniaturisation and Scaling 202
9.1.1 Physical Properties 203
9.1.2 Mechanical Properties 203
9.1.3 Thermal Properties 204
9.1.4 Electrical and Magnetic Properties 205
9.1.5 Fluid Properties 205
9.1.6 Chemical Properties 206
9.1.7 Optical Properties 206
9.2 Technology 206
9.2.1 Growth and Deposition 207
9.2.2 Photolithography 207
9.2.3 Etching 209
9.3 Micromachining 209
9.3.1 Surface Micromachining 210
9.3.2 Bulk Micromachining 211
9.3.2.1 Reactive Ion Etching 212
9.3.2.2 Micromolding 215
9.3.2.3 Non-silicon Micromolding 216
9.3.2.4 Plastic Micromolding 217
9.4 System Integration 218
9.5 Micromechanical Sensors 220
9.5.1 Pressure and Force Sensors 220
9.5.1.1 Piezoelectric Effect 222 ...