Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment

For more than twenty years, serious C programmers have relied on one book for practical, in-depth knowledge of the programming interfaces that drive the UNIX and Linux kernels: W. Richard Stevens' Advanced Programming in the UNIX® Environment. Now, once again, Rich's colleague Steve Rago has thoroughly updated this classic work. The new third edition supports today's leading platforms, reflects new technical advances and best practices, and aligns with Version 4 of the Single UNIX Specification.

Steve carefully retains the spirit and approach that have made this book so valuable. Building on Rich's pioneering work, he begins with files, directories, and processes, carefully laying the groundwork for more advanced techniques, such as signal handling and terminal I/O. He also thoroughly covers threads and multithreaded programming, and socket-based IPC.

This edition covers more than seventy new interfaces, including POSIX asynchronous I/O, spin locks, barriers, and POSIX semaphores. Most obsolete interfaces have been removed, except for a few that are ubiquitous. Nearly all examples have been tested on four modern platforms: Solaris 10, Mac OS X version 10.6.8 (Darwin 10.8.0), FreeBSD 8.0, and Ubuntu version 12.04 (based on Linux 3.2).

As in previous editions, you'll learn through examples, including more than ten thousand lines of downloadable, ISO C source code. More than four hundred system calls and functions are demonstrated with concise, complete programs that clearly illustrate their usage, arguments, and return values. To tie together what you've learned, the book presents several chapter-length case studies, each reflecting contemporary environments.

Advanced Programming in the UNIX® Environment has helped generations of programmers write code with exceptional power, performance, and reliability. Now updated for today's systems, this third edition will be even more valuable.

Auteur

The late W. Richard Stevens was the acclaimed author of UNIX® Network Programming, Volumes 1 and 2, widely recognized as the classic texts in UNIX networking; TCP/IP Illustrated, Volumes 1-3; and the first edition of this book.

Stephen A. Rago is the author of UNIX® System V Network Programming (Addison-Wesley, 1993). Rago was one of the Bell Laboratories developers who built UNIX System V Release 4. He served as a technical reviewer for the first edition of Advanced Programming in the UNIX® Environment. Rago currently works as a research staff member in the Storage Systems Group at NEC Laboratories America.

Contenu

Foreword to the Second Edition xix

Preface xxi

Preface to the Second Edition xxv

Preface to the First Edition xxix

Chapter 1: UNIX System Overview 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 UNIX Architecture 1

1.3 Logging In 2

1.4 Files and Directories 4

1.5 Input and Output 8

1.6 Programs and Processes 10

1.7 Error Handling 14

1.8 User Identification 16

1.9 Signals 18

1.10 Time Values 20

1.11 System Calls and Librar y Functions 21

1.12 Summary 23

Chapter 2: UNIX Standardization and Implementations 25

2.1 Introduction 25

2.2 UNIX Standardization 25

2.3 UNIX System Implementations 33

2.4 Relationship of Standards and Implementations 36

2.5 Limits 36

2.6 Options 53

2.7 Feature Test Macros 57

2.8 Primitive System Data Types 58

2.9 Differences Between Standards 58

2.10 Summary 60

Chapter 3: File I/O 61

3.1 Introduction 61

3.2 File Descr iptors 61

3.3 open and openat Functions 62

3.4 creat Function 66

3.5 close Function 66

3.6 lseek Function 66

3.7 read Function 71

3.8 write Function 72

3.9 I/O Efficiency 72

3.10 File Shar ing 74

3.11 Atomic Operations 77

3.12 dup and dup2 Functions 79

3.13 sync, fsync, and fdatasync Functions 81

3.14 fcntl Function 82

3.15 ioctl Function 87

3.16 /dev/fd 88

3.17 Summary 90

Chapter 4: Files and Directories 93

4.1 Introduction 93

4.2 stat, fstat, fstatat, and lstat Functions 93

4.3 File Types 95

4.4 Set-User-ID and Set-Group-ID 98

4.5 File Access Per missions 99

4.6 Ownership of New Files and Directories 101

4.7 access and faccessat Functions 102

4.8 umask Function 104

4.9 chmod, fchmod, and fchmodat Functions 106

4.10 Sticky Bit 108

4.11 chown, fchown, fchownat, and lchown Functions 109

4.12 File Size 111

4.13 File Tr uncation 112

4.14 File Systems 113

4.15 link, linkat, unlink, unlinkat, and remove Functions 116

4.16 rename and renameat Functions 119

4.17 Symbolic Links 120

4.18 Creating and Reading Symbolic Links 123

4.19 File Times 124

4.20 futimens, utimensat, and utimes Functions 126

4.21 mkdir, mkdirat, and rmdir Functions 129

4.22 Reading Director ies 130

4.23 chdir, fchdir, and getcwd Functions 135

4.24 Device Special Files 137

4.25 Summary of File Access Per mission Bits 140

4.26 Summary 140

Chapter 5: Standard I/O Library 143

5.1 Introduction 143

5.2 Streams and FILE Objects 143

5.3 Standard Input, Standard Output, and Standard Error 145

5.4 Buffer ing 145

5.5 Opening a Stream 148

5.6 Reading and Writing a Stream 150

5.7 Line-at-a-Time I/O 152

5.8 Standard I/O Efficiency 153

5.9 Binary I/O 156

5.10 Positioning a Stream 157

5.11 For matted I/O 159

5.12 Implementation Details 164

5.13 Temporar y Files 167

5.14 Memory Streams 171

5.15 Alternatives to Standard I/O 174

5.16 Summary 175

Chapter 6: System Data Files and Information 177

6.1 Introduction 177

6.2 Password File 177

6.3 Shadow Passwords 181

6.4 Group File 182

6.5 Supplementary Group IDs 183

6.6 Implementation Differences 184

6.7 Other Data Files 185

6.8 Login Accounting 186

6.9 System Identification 187

6.10 Time and Date Routines 189

6.11 Summary 196

Chapter 7: Process Environment 197

7.1 Introduction 197

7.2 main Function 197

7.3 Process Termination 198

7.4 Command-Line Arguments 203

7.5 Environment List 203

7.6 Memory Lay out of a C Program 204

7.7 Shared Librar ies 206

7.8 Memory Allocation 207

7.9 Environment Var iables 210

7.10 setjmp and longjmp Functions 213

7.11 getrlimit and setrlimit Functions 220

7.12 Summary 225

Chapter 8: Process Control 227

8.1 Introduction 227

8.2 Process Identifiers 227

8.3 fork Function 229

8.4 vfork Function 234

8.5 exit Functions 236

8.6 wait and waitpid Functions 238

8.7 waitid Function 244

8.8 wait3 and wait4 Functions 245

8.9 Race Conditions 245

8.10 exec Functions 249

8.11 Changing User IDs and Group IDs 255

8.12 Interpreter Files 260

8.13 system Function 264

8.14 Process Accounting 269

8.15 User Identification 275

8.16 Process Scheduling 276

8.17 Process Times 280

8.18 Summary 282

Chapter 9: Process Relationships 285

9.1 Introduction 285

9.2 Ter minal Logins 285

9.3 Networ k Logins 290

9.4 Process Groups 293

9.5 Sessions 295

9.6 Controlling Terminal 296

9.7 tcgetpgrp, tcsetpgrp, and tcgetsid Functions 298

9.8 Job Control 299

9.9 Shell Execution of Programs 303

9.10 Orphaned Process Groups 307

9.11 FreeBSD Implementation 310

9.12 Summary 312

Chapter 10: Signals 313

10.1 Introduction 313

10.2 Signal Concepts 313

10.3 signal Function 323

10.4 Unreliable Signals 326

10.5 Interrupted System Calls 327

10.6 Reentrant Functions 330

10.7 SIGCLD Semantics 332

10.8 Reliable-Signal Ter minology and Semantics 335

10.9 kill and raise Functions 336

10.10 alarm and pause Functions 338

10.11 Signal Sets 344

10.12 sigprocmask Function 346

10.13 sigpending Function 347

10.14 sigaction Function 349

10.15 sigsetjmp and siglongjmp Functions 355

10.16 sigsuspend Function 359

10.17 abort Function 365

10.18 system Function 367

10.19 sleep, nanosleep, and clock_nanosleep Functions 373

10.20 sigqueue Function 376

10.21 …