Jet, Rocket, Nuclear, Ion and Electric Propulsion

During the last decade, rapid growth of knowledge in the field of jet, rocket, nuclear, ion and electric propulsion has resulted in many advances useful to the student, engineer and scientist. The purpose for offering this course is to make available to them these recent advances in theory and design. Accordingly, this course is organized into seven parts: Part 1 Introduction; Part 2 Jet Propulsion; Part 3 Rocket Propulsion; Part 4 Nuclear Propulsion; Part 5 Electric and Ion Propulsion; Part 6 Theory on Combustion, Detonation and Fluid Injection; Part 7 Advanced Concepts and Mission Applications. It is written in such a way that it may easily be adopted by other universities as a textbook for a one semester senior or graduate course on the subject. In addition to the undersigned who served as the course instructor and wrote Chapter I, 2 and 3, guest lecturers included: DR. G. L. DUGGER who wrote Chapter 4 "Ram-jets and Air-Aug­ mented Rockets," DR. GEORGE P. SUTTON who wrote Chapter 5 "Rockets and Cooling Methods," DR . . MARTIN SUMMERFIELD who wrote Chapter 6 "Solid Propellant Rockets," DR. HOWARD S. SEIFERT who wrote Chapter 7 "Hybrid Rockets," DR. CHANDLER C. Ross who wrote Chapter 8 "Advanced Nuclear Rocket Design," MR. GEORGE H. McLAFFERTY who wrote Chapter 9 "Gaseous Nuclear Rockets," DR. S. G. FORBES who wrote Chapter 10 "Electric and Ion Propul­ sion," DR. R. H. BODEN who wrote Chapter 11 "Ion Propulsion," DR.

Contenu

One - Introduction.- 1. Fundamentals of Thermodynamics and Aerodynamics.- [1-1] Introduction.- [1-2] Equation of State.- [1-2.1] Equation of State of Real Gases.- [1-3] First Law of Thermodynamics.- [1-3.1] Specific Heats.- [1-3.2] Internal Energy.- [1-3.3] Relationship Between Specific Heats cp and cv.- [1-3.4] Enthalpy.- [1-3.5] Entropy.- [1-3.5.1] Reversible Process.- [1-3.5.2] Adiabatic Process.- [1-3.5.3] Isentropic Process.- [1-3.5.4] Polytropic Process.- [1-3.5.4.1] Work Done.- [1-3.5.4.1.1] Special Case for Isentropic Case where n = k.- [1-3.5.4.1.2] Heat Added.- [1-3.6] Mixture of Gases.- [1-3.7] Entropy-Enthalpy Diagram.- [1-3.7.1] Remarks on Entropy-Enthalpy Diagram.- [1-3.8] The Ideal (Reversible) Cycles.- [1-3.9] Cycle Work, Cycle Heat Added, and Cycle Efficiency.- [1-4] Steady Flow Energy Equation.- [1-4.1] Stagnation Enthalpy or Total Enthalpy, H.- [1-4.2] Application of Steady Flow Energy Equation to Compressor and Turbine Analysis.- [1-5] One-Dimensional Steady Flow Analysis.- [1-5.1] One-Dimensional Energy Equation.- [1-5.2] One-Dimensional Continuity Equation.- [1-5.3] One-Dimensional Momentum Equation without Fluid Shearing or Friction Losses.- [1-5.3.1] One-Dimensional Momentum Equation with Fluid Shearing or Friction Losses.- [1-5.4] Speed of Sound.- [1-5.5] Mach Number.- [1-5.6] Another Form of Energy Equation.- [1-5.7] Isentropic Flow Equations.- [1-6] Normal Shock Waves and Rayleigh and Fanno Lines.- [1-7] Oblique Shock Waves.- [1-8] One-Dimensional Convergent - Divergent Nozzle Flow.- [1-8.1] Nozzle Efficiency.- [1-8.2] Nozzle Thrust.- [1-9] Supersonic Inlet.- [1-9.1] Constant Geometry Supersonic Inlet.- [1-9.2] Variable-Geometry Supersonic Inlet.- [1-9.3] Inlet Diffuser Efficiency.- [1-10] One-Dimensional Flow Analysis with Area Change, Friction and Heat Addition.- [1-10.1] One-Dimensional Flow Analysis with Area Change, Friction and Heat Addition (Additional Analysis).- [1-10.2] Mixing of Two Flows in a Non-Constant Area Duct.- [1-11] Thermodynamic Cycle Analysis.- [1-11.1] Ram Compression and Ram Pressure Recovery.- [1-11.2] Compressor Compression and Compressor Work.- [1-11.3] Combustion and Burner Efficiency.- [1-11.3.1] Combustion.- [1-11.4] Turbine Expansion and Turbine Work.- [1-11.5] Nozzle Expansion and Nozzle Efficiency.- [1-12] Variations of Basic Gas Turbine or Jet Engine Cycles.- [1-12.1] Intercooling.- [1-12.2] Reheat.- [1-12.3] Regeneration.- [1-12.4] After-burning.- [1-12.5] Water Injection.- [1-12.6] Pressure Loss in Various Components.- [1-13.1] Output, Input and Thermal Efficiency.- [1-13.2] Jet Thrust.- [1-13.3] Propeller Thrust.- [1-13.4] Specific Fuel Consumption.- [1-14] Variations of Gas Turbine Cycle and Turbojet Cycle by Gas Table Method.- [1-14.1] Gas Table.- [1-14.2] Example 1: Gas Turbine Analysis.- [1-14.3] Example 2: Turbojet Analysis.- Two - Jet Propulsion.- 2. Thermodynamic Cycle Analysis of Gas Turbines and Air-breathing Propulsion Systems.- [2-1] Introduction.- [2-2] Symbols and Sketches of Air-breathing Propulsion Systems.- [2-3] Gas Turbine Cycles.- [2-4] Air-breathing Propulsion Systems: Turbojet, Turboprop, Ducted Fan, Ram Jet and Ducted Rocket.- [2-4.1] Turbojet Cycles.- [2-4.2] Turboprop Cycles.- [2-4.3] Ducted Fan Cycles.- [2-4.4] Off-Design Point Engines.- [2-4.4.1] Compression Rate Variation with Altitude and Air Speed (Variation with Compressor Inlet Temperature) at Constant Compressor Speed.- [2-4.4.2] Air Flow Variation with Altitude and Airplane Speed at Constant Compressor Speed.- [2-5] Rotary Matrix Regenerator for Turboprop Applications.- [2-5.1] Discussion.- [2-5.2] Operating Principles.- [2-5.3] Theory and Design.- [2-6] Analytical Solutions for Rotary Matrix, Wire Screen Heat Exchangers.- [2-7] Pulse Jet.- [2-7.1] Discharging from Point c to Point a.- [2-7.1.1] Supercritical Discharging When (P/p ? [(k + 1)/2] k/(k ? 1).- [2-7.1.2] Subcritical Discharging When (P/p ? [(k + 1)/2] k/(k? 1).- [2-7.2] Combustion from Point b to Point c.- [2-7.3] Charging Process from Point a to Point b.- [2-7.3.1] Supercritical Charging and Subcritical Discharging.- [2-7.3.2] Subcritical Charging and Subcritical Discharging.- [2-7.3.3] Subcritical Charging and Supercritical Discharging.- 3. Aerodynamic Design of Axial Flow Compressors and Turbines.- [3-1] Introduction.- [3-2] Compressible Flow Analysis.- [3-2.1] Radial Equilibrium.- [3-2.2] Continuity Equation.- [3-2.3] Density Relationship.- [3-2.4] Method of Calculation.- [3-3] Turbine Analysis.- [3-4] Appendix: Two Dimensional Incompressible Compressor Design.- [3-4.1] Turning Angle ? as f(CL) and Derivation of Blade Efficiency ?b.- 4. Ramjets and Air-Augmented Rockets.- [4-1] Preliminary Performance Calculations.- [4-2] Diffuser Design.- [4-2.1] Inviscid Design of External-Compression Diffusers.- [4-2.2] Off-Design Operation, Boundary Layer Problems, and Instabilities.- [4-2.3] Hypersonic Inlets.- [4-3] Combustor and Nozzle Design.- [4-4] Considerations for Preliminary Design of Ramjet Vehicles.- [4-5] Air-Augmented Rockets.- [4-6] Engines with Supersonic Combustion.- [4-7] Concluding Remarks.- [4-8] Acknowledgments.- [4-9] Nomenclature.- Three - Rocket Propulsion.- 5. Rocket Classifications, Liquid Propellant Rockets, Engine Selection, and Heat Transfer.- [5-1] Definitions and Classification of Rocket Propulsion Engines.- [5-2] Liquid Propellant Rockets.- [5-3] Selection Criteria.- [5-4] Heat Transfer (based largely on Reference 7).- [5-4.1] Radiation Cooling.- [5-4.2] Heat-Sink Cooling.- [5-4.3] Low Flame Temperature Metal Chamber.- [5-4.4] Turbine Exhaust Gas Cooling.- [5-4.5] Insulation Cooling.- [5-4.6] Dump Cooling.- [5-4.7] Ablative Cooling.- [5-4.8] Regenerative Cooling.- [5-4.9] Film Cooling.- [5-4.10] Transpiration Cooling.- [5-4.11] Combined Methods.- 6. Solid Propellant Rockets.- [6-1] Composition of a Solid Propellant.- [6-2] Processability Criteria.- [6-3] Performance of Typical Propellants.- [6-4] Burning Rate - Pressure Relationships.- [6-5] Propellant Area Ratio.- [6-6] Temperature Sensitivity of Burning Equations.- [6-7] Erosive Burning.- [6-8] Effect of Spin on Burning Rate.- [6-9] Mechanism of Homogeneous Propellant Burning.- [6-10] Mechanism of Composite Propellant Burning.- [6-11] Correlation of Burning Rates with Oxidizer Activation Energy.- [6-12] Effect of Composition on Burning Rate.- [6-13] Catalysts.- [6-14] Mechanical Properties.- [6-14.1] Uniaxial Tensile Test.- [6-14.2] Uniaxial Shear Test.- [6-14.3] Bulk Dilution Test.- [6-14.4] Poisson's Ratio.- [6-14.5] Glass Transit…