Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites

Nanomaterials are defined as materials in which at least one length dimension is below 100 nanometers. In this size regime, these materials exhibit particular - and tunable - optical, electrical or mechanical properties that are not present at the macro-scale. This opens up the possibility for a plethora of applications at the interface of materials, chemistry, physics and biology, many of which have already entered the commercial realm. When nanomaterials are blended with other materials not necessarily in the nanometer regime, the resulting nanocomposites can exhibit dramatically different properties than the bulk material alone, leading to an enhanced performance in terms of, for example, increased thermal and mechanical stability. This book presents the synthesis, characterization and applications of nanomaterials and nanocomposites, covering zero-dimensional, elemental nanoparticles, one-dimensional materials such as nanorods and nanowhiskers, two-dimensional materials such as graphene and boron nitride as well as three-dimensional materials such as fullerenes, polyhedral oligomers and zeolites, complemented by bio-based nanomaterials, e.g., cellulose, chitin, starch and proteins. Introductory chapters on the state-of-the-art of nanomaterial research and the chemistry and physics in nanoscience and nanotechnology round off the book.

Auteur

Visakh P.M. is a Senior Researcher at the School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, India, and currently Visiting Researcher in the Department of Agronomy at the University of Lisbon, Portugal. He has been invited as a visiting student/researcher to approximately fifteen European universities and is a prolific editor with seven books already published. His research interests include polymer nanocomposites, bio-nanocomposites, and rubber-based nanocomposites, fire-retardant polymers, and liquid crystalline polymers as well as silicon sensors.

María José Martínez Morlanes gained her PhD in polymer science from the University Zaragoza, Spain where she is now an assistant professor.

Contenu

List of Contributors xv

1 Introduction for Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites: State of Art, New Challenges, and Opportunities 1
P. M. Visakh

1.1 Chemistry of Nanoscience and Technology 1

1.2 Carbon Nanotubes and Their Nanocomposites 2

1.3 Graphene- and Graphene Sheets-Based Nanocomposites 3

1.4 Nanocomposites of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) and Their Applications 4

1.5 Zeolites and Composites 6

1.6 Mesoporous Materials and Their Nanocomposites 7

1.7 Bio-Based Nanomaterials and Their Bio-Nanocomposites 9

1.8 MetalOrganic Frameworks (MOFs) and Their Composites 10

1.9 Modeling Methods for Modulus of Polymer/Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Nanocomposites 12

1.10 Nanocomposites Based on Cellulose, Hemicelluloses, and Lignin 13

References 15

2 Chemistry of Nanoscience and Technology 21
Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan, Anish Khan, and Abdullah M. Asiri

2.1 Introduction 21

2.2 Nano 22

2.3 Nanomaterials 24

2.4 Quantum Materials 25

2.4.1 Classification of Superconductor 26

2.5 Forces and Bonding of Nanomaterials 29

2.5.1 Hydrogen-Bonding Assemblies 29

2.5.2 Stacking Assemblies 31

2.5.3 Assemblies by Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Interactions 33

2.5.4 MetalLigand Interactions 36

2.5.5 Other Methods for Construction Nanomaterials 39

2.6 Zero-Dimensional Nanomaterials 40

2.7 One-Dimensional Nanomaterials 42

2.8 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials 47

2.9 Challenges in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 54

2.9.1 Challenges for Technological 54

2.9.2 Challenges and Research for the Social Cluster 54

2.9.3 The World Is Facing a Water Crisis 55

2.10 Applications of Nanoscience and Technology 59

2.10.1 Personal Care Products 59

2.10.2 Clays 60

2.10.3 Paints 60

2.10.4 Coatings and Surfaces 60

2.10.5 Renewable Energy 61

2.10.6 Batteries 61

2.10.7 Fuel Additives 61

2.10.8 Fuel Cells 62

2.10.9 Displays 62

2.10.10 Catalysts 62

2.10.11 Food 63

2.10.12 Consumer Products 63

2.10.13 Sports 63

2.10.14 Lubricants 64

2.10.15 Carbon Nanotube 64

2.10.16 Nanosensors 64

2.10.17 Magnetic Materials 66

2.10.18 Medical Implants 66

2.10.19 Machinable Ceramics 66

2.10.20 Elimination of Pollutants 67

2.10.21 Water Purification 67

2.10.22 Textiles 67

2.10.23 Military Battle Suits 68

2.11 Conclusion 68

References 69

3 Carbon Nanotubes and Their Nanocomposites 75
Sónia Simões, Filomena Viana, and Manuel F. Vieira

3.1 Carbon Nanotubes 75

3.1.1 Introduction 75

3.1.2 Structure of Carbon Nanotubes 76

3.1.3 Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 79

3.2 Carbon Nanotubes as Nanomaterials 81

3.2.1 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 81

3.2.2 Chemical Modifications of Carbon Nanotubes 86

3.2.3 Physical Modifications of Carbon Nanotubes 87

3.3 Carbon Nanotubes Based Nanocomposites 89

3.3.1 Interfacial Interaction of Carbon Nanotubes in Nanocomposites 96

3.4 Conclusion 100

Acknowledgments 101

References 101

4 Graphene and Graphene Sheets Based Nanocomposites 107
Anish Khan, Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan, and Abdullah M. Asiri

4.1 Introduction 107

4.1.1 Structure of Graphene and Graphene Sheets 107

4.1.2 Properties of Graphene and Graphene Sheets 110

4.1.3 Synthesis of Graphene and Graphene Sheets 112

4.1.4 Chemical Modifications of Graphene and Graphene Sheets 118

4.1.5 Physical Modifications of Graphene and Graphene Sheets 120

4.2 Graphene and Graphene Sheets Based Nanocomposites 121 4.2.1 Gr...