Power System Control and Stability

The third edition of the landmark book on power system stability and control, revised and updated with new material

The revised third edition of Power System Control and Stability continues to offer a comprehensive text on the fundamental principles and concepts of power system stability and control as well as new material on the latest developments in the field. The third edition offers a revised overview of power system stability and a section that explores the industry convention of q axis leading d axis in modeling of synchronous machines.

In addition, the third edition focuses on simulations that utilize digital computers and commercial simulation tools, it offers an introduction to the concepts of the stability analysis of linear systems together with a detailed formulation of the system state matrix. The authors also include a revised chapter that explores both implicit and explicit integration methods for transient stability. Power System Control and Stability offers an in-depth review of essential topics and:

• Discusses topics of contemporary and future relevance in terms of modeling, analysis and control

• Maintains the approach, style, and analytical rigor of the two original editions

• Addresses both power system planning and operational issues in power system control and stability

• Includes updated information and new chapters on modeling and simulation of round-rotor synchronous machine model, excitation control, renewable energy resources such as wind turbine generators and solar photovoltaics, load modeling, transient voltage instability, modeling and representation of three widely used FACTS devices in the bulk transmission network, and the modeling and representation of appropriate protection functions in transient stability studies

• Contains a set of challenging problems at the end of each chapter

Written for graduate students in electric power and professional power system engineers, Power System Control and Stability offers an invaluable reference to basic principles and incorporates the most recent techniques and methods into projects.

Auteur

VIJAY VITTAL, PhD, is an Ira A. Fulton Chair Professor at the School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering at Arizona State University. He is a Fellow of IEEE and a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering and has more than 35 years experience in teaching and research related to power system dynamics and control. JAMES D. MCCALLEY, PhD, is an Anson Marston Distinguished Professor at Iowa State University. Dr. McCalley, a Fellow of the IEEE, was an industry engineer from 1985-1990 performing dynamic analysis of the Western US Interconnection. He has been on the faculty at Iowa State University since 1992 performing research and instruction in power system planning and dynamic analysis. PAUL M. ANDERSON, PhD, served as a professor of engineering at Iowa State University, Arizona State University, and as a visiting professor at Washington State University. Dr. Anderson passed away in 2011. A. A. FOUAD was Anson Marston Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Engineering at Iowa State University. He had more than 40 years experience in power system dynamics in teaching, research, and in industry. Dr. Fouad passed away in 2017.

Contenu
Foreword xiii

Preface xv

About the Authors xvii

Part I Introduction

Chapter 1 Power System Stability 3

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Requirements of a Reliable Electrical Power Service 4

1.3 Statement of the Problem 5

1.3.1 Definition of Stability 5

1.3.2 Classification of Stability Problems 6

1.3.3 Description of Stability Phenomenon 6

1.4 Effect of Impact on System Components 7

1.4.1 Loss of Synchronism 8

1.4.2 Synchronous Machine During a Transient 8

1.5 Methods of Simulation 10

1.5.1 Linearized System Equations 10

1.5.2 Large System with Nonlinear Equations 11

1.6 Planning and Operating Standards 11

Chapter 2 The Elementary Mathematical Model 19

2.1 Swing Equation 19

2.2 Units 21

2.3 Mechanical Torque 22

2.3.1 Unregulated Machines 22

2.3.2 Regulated Machines 24

2.4 Electrical Torque 26

2.4.1 Synchronous Torque 26

2.4.2 Other Electrical Torques 27

2.5 Power-Angle Curve of a Synchronous Machine 27

2.5.1 Classical Representation of a Synchronous Machine in Stability Studies 28

2.5.2 Synchronizing Power Coefficients 29

2.6 Natural Frequencies of Oscillation of a Synchronous Machine 30

2.7 System of One Machine Against an Infinite Bus: The Classical Model 31

2.8 Equal Area Criterion 37

2.8.1 Critical Clearing Angle 38

2.8.2 Application to a One-Machine System 39

2.8.3 Equal Area Criterion for a Two-Machine System 39

2.9 Classical Model of a Multimachine System 40

2.10 Classical Stability Study of a Nine-Bus System 42

2.10.1 Data Preparation 43

2.10.2 Preliminary Calculations 45

2.11 Shortcomings of the Classical Model 51

2.12 Block Diagram of One Machine 53

Chapter 3 System Response to Small Disturbances 61

3.1 Introduction 61

3.2 Types of Problems Studied 62

3.2.1 System Response to Small Impacts 62

3.2.2 Distribution of Power Impacts 62

3.3 The Unregulated Synchronous Machine 63

3.3.1 Demagnetizing Effect of Armature Reaction 64

3.3.2 Effect of Small Changes of Speed 65

3.4 Modes of Oscillation of an Unregulated Multimachine System 66

3.5 Regulated Synchronous Machine 73

3.5.1 Voltage Regulator with One Time Lag 73

3.5.2 Governor with One Time Lag 75

3.6 Distribution of Power Impacts 76

3.6.1 Linearization 77

3.6.2 A Special Case: t = 0+ 78

3.6.3 Average Behavior Prior to Governor Action (t = *t*1) 79

Part II Electrical and Electromagnetic Dynamic Performance

Chapter 4 The Synchronous Machine 91

4.1 Introduction 91

4.2 Park's Transformation 91

4.3 Flux Linkage Equations 94

4.3.1 Stator Self-Inductances 94

4.3.2 Rotor Self-Inductances 95

4.3.3 Stator Mutual Inductances 95

4.3.4 Rotor Mutual Inductances 95

4.3.5 Stator-to-Rotor Mutual Inductances 95

4.3.6 Transformation of Inductances 96

4.4 Voltage Equations 97

4.5 Formulation of State-Space Equations 99

4.6 Current Formulation 100

4.7 Per-Unit Conversion 101

4.7.1 Choosing a Base for Stator Quantities 102

4.7.2 Choosing a Base for Rotor Quantities 103

4.7.3 Comparison with Other Per-Unit Systems 104

4.7.4 The Correspondence of Per-Unit Stator EMF to Rotor Quantities 107

4.8 Normalizing the Voltage Equations 108

4.9 Normalizing the Torque Equations 113

4.9.1 The Normalized Swing Equation 114

4.9.2 Forms of the Swing Equation 114 ...