Complex Thermodynamic Systems

Thermodynamic methods of analysis have in recent years found ever-growing extensions in diverse regions of modern tech­ nology. The object of the present book is to apply these methods to the description of materials of varying physical properties. I hope the book will illustrate the wide variety and usefulness of thermodynamics which was well described by Albert Einstein: "A theory is the more impressive the greater the simplicity of its premises is, the more different kinds of things it relates, and the more extended is its area of applicability. Therefore the deep impression which classical thermodynamics made upon me." The work of the American thermodynamic school is well known in the Soviet Union, and thus it is a great pleasure to offer this book to American readers. V. V. Sychev v Preface At the present time, when a number of new areas of tech­ nology are rapidly evolving, it is difficult to present a modern course in technical thermodynamics without developing such sub­ jects as the thermodynamics of insulators, magnets, and super­ conductors, or without treating the features of thermodynamic systems located in a gravitational field and in conditions of weight­ lessness, etc. In fact the limited coverage of technical thermody­ namics in the usual textbooks and school equipment as a rule prevents the authors from giving any detailed discussion of these important problems. I therefore resolved to treat these problems in a separate text. I discussed the concept of this book with my teachers V. A.

Contenu

1 Introduction.- 1.1. The Equations of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics.- 1.2. Work.- 1.3. Heat Capacities.- 1.4. The Differential Equations of Thermodynamics.- 2 Equilibrium Thermodynamic Systems Which Undergo Other Forms of Work in Addition to Work of Expansion.- 2.1. Criteria for Equilibrium in Thermodynamic Systems.- 2.2. The Chemical Potential.- 2.3. Equilibrium Conditions in an Isolated Homogeneous System.- 2.4. The Conditions for Phase Equilibrium.- 2.5. The Maxwell Equations.- 3 Magnets.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Basic Thermodynamic Relations for Magnets.- 3.3. The Heat Capacities of a Magnet.- 3.4. Thermodynamic Processes in Magnets.- 3.5. The Magnetocaloric, Magnetostrictive, and Magnetoelastic Effects.- 3.6. Adiabatic Demagnetization.- 4 Insulators.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. The Basic Thermodynamic Relations for Insulators.- 4.3. The Heat Capacities of an Insulator.- 4.4. Thermodynamic Processes in Insulators.- 4.5. The Piezoelectric, Electrostriction, Electrocaloric, and Pyroelectric Effects.- 5 Superconductivity.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Thermodynamics of the Transition from the Superconducting State to the Normal State.- 5.3. The Phase Diagram of a Superconductor.- 5.4. The Heat Capacity in the Superconducting and Normal Phases - Rutgers Formula.- 5.5. Magnetostriction of a Superconductor.- 6 Surface Phenomena.- 6.1. Some Basic Properties of Surfaces Separating Phases.- 6.2. Surface Tension.- 6.3. Basic Thermodynamic Relations for Surfaces.- 6.4. The Effect of Surface Phenomena on the Thermodynamic Properties of a System.- 6.5. Phase Equilibrium Conditions Taking Account of the Properties of the Phase Separation Surface.- 6.6. Capillarity.- 7 Gases and Liquids in a Gravitational Field.- 7.1. Basic Thermodynamic Relations for a System in a Gravitational Field.- 7.2. Distribution of Pressure and Other Quantities with Height of a Gas or Liquid Column.- 7.3. Entropy of a System in a Gravitational Field.- 7.4. Adiabatic Flow in a Gravitational Field.- 7.5. Thermodynamics of the Atmosphere.- 8 Liquids in the Weightless State.- 8.1. Features of the Behavior of Two-Phase Systems in the Weightless State.- 8.2. Possibility That One of the Phases May Lose Contact with the Walls of the Vessel.- 8.3. Stable Equilibrium States of a Two-Phase System.- 9 Radiation.- 9.1. Radiation in a Cavity as a Thermodynamic System.- 9.2. The Equations of State for a Photon Gas.- 9.3. Entropy and Chemical Potential of the Photon Gas.- 9.4. Thermodynamic Processes in a Photon Gas Heat Capacity.- 10 Elasticity of Solids.- 10.1. Basic Thermodynamic Relations for Solids.- 10.2. The Equation of State for an Elastically Deformed Rod.- 10.3. The Caloric Properties of an Elastically Deformed Rod.- 10.4. Adiabatic and Isothermal Deformation of a Rod.- Supplementary Readings.