Supernovae

For millennia mankind has watched as the heavens move in their stately progression from night to night and from year to year, presaging with their changes the changing seasons. The sun, the moon, and the planets move in what appears to be an unchanging firmament, except occasionally when a new "star" appears. Among the new stars there are comets, novae, and finally supernovae, the subject of this book. Superstitious mankind regarded these events as significant portents and recorded them carefully so that we have records of supernovae that may reach back as far as 1300 B. C. (Clark and Stephenson, 1977; Murdin and Murdin, 1985). The Cygnus Loop, believed to be a 15,000-year-old supernova remnant at a distance of only 800 pc (Chevalier and Seward, 1988), must have awed our ancestors. Tycho's supernova of 1572, at a distance of 2500 pc, had a magnitude of -4. 0, comparable to Venus at its brightest, and Kepler's supernova of 1604 had a magnitude of - 3 or so. Thus the Cygnus Loop supernova might have had a magnitude of - 6 or so, and should have been readily visible in daytime. A supernova in Vela, about 8000 B. C. was comparably close, as was SN 1006, whose magnitude may have been -9. While most of the supernova records come from the Old World, the supernova of 1054 is recorded in at least one petroglyph in the American West.

Contenu

1 Classification of Supernovae.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. Observed Time Dependence.- 1.3. Theory.- 1.4. SN 1987K.- 1.5. Conclusions.- References.- 2 Spectra of Supernovae.- 2.1. Introduction.- 2.2. Historical Overview.- 2.3. Individual Supernovae: Spectral Types and Bibliography.- 2.4. Spectrum Formation.- 2.5. Spectral Types Ia, Ib, and II.- 2.6. Toward Quantitative Spectroscopy.- References.- 3 Supernova Light Curves.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Light Curves of Type IA Supernovae.- 3.3. The Light Curves of SN Ib.- 3.4. The Cosmological Uses of SN Ia.- 3.5. Light Curves for SN II.- 3.6. Cosmology and SN II.- References.- 4 Radio Supernovae.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Radio Emission from SN 1970G.- 4.3. Further Radio Detections of Type II Supernovae.- 4.4. Radio Detection of Type I Supernovae.- 4.5. Supernovae Discovered by Their Radio Emission.- 4.6. Intermediate Age Radio Supernovae.- 4.7. Very Early Radio Emission from SN 1987A.- 4.8. Summary of Radio Supernovae.- 4.9. Models for the Supernova Radio Emission.- 4.10. Conclusion.- References.- 5 Interaction of Supernovae with Circumstellar Matter.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Circumstellar Environments.- 5.3. Hydrodynamic Interaction.- 5.4. Radiative Interaction.- 5.5. Summary and Future Prospects.- References.- 6 Gamma-Rays and X-Rays from Supernovae.- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Prompt Emission, Radiation from Interaction with a Wind, and Very High-Energy Radiation.- 6.3. Gamma-Rays and X-Rays due to Radioactive Decay.- 6.4. SN 1987A.- 6.5. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 7 Neutrinos from Supernovae.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. A Short History of Supernova Neutrino Theory.- 7.3. The Neutrino Signature of Core Collapse Supernovae.- 7.4. The Neutrinos from SN 1987A.- Appendix: Detectors.- References.- 8 Type I Supernovae: Carbon Deflagration and Detonation.- 8.1. Introduction.- 8.2. The Pre-Explosive Evolution.- 8.3. Some General Considerations.- 8.4. Carbon Deflagration.- 8.5. Carbon Detonation.- 8.6. Type Ib Supernovae.- 8.7. Type I21 Supernovae.- 8.8. Conclusions.- References.- 9 Supernovae: The Direct Mechanism and the Equation of State.- 9.1. Introduction.- 9.2. Gravitational Collapse.- 9.3. Subsaturation Density Equation of State.- 9.4. Suprasaturation Density Equation of State.- 9.5. Numerical Results.- 9.6. Rotation.- 9.7. Discussion.- References.- 10 Neutrino Heating Supernovae.- 10.1. Introduction.- 10.2. Brief Review of Numerical Work.- 10.3. Collapse-Driven Supernova.- 10.4. Calculational Neutrino Spectra and Luminosity from Collapsed Stellar Cores.- 10.5. The Neutrino Heating Mechanism for Supernova Explosions: A Critique.- References.