Success Factors for Fish Larval Production

A comprehensive and authoritative synthesis on the successful production of fish larvae

Success Factors for Fish Larval Production is a vital resource that includes the most current understanding of larval biology, in the context of larval production. The text covers topics such as how external (environmental and nutritional) and internal (molecular/ developmental/ physiological/ behavioral/ genetic) factors interact in defining the phenotype and quality of fish larvae and juveniles. The expert contributors review broodstock genetics and husbandry, water quality, larval nutrition and feeding, growth physiology, health, metamorphosis, underlying molecular mechanisms, including epigenetics, for development, larval behavior and environmental conditions. Compiled by members of a European Union-funded consortium of top researchers, Success Factors for Fish Larval Production provides a wide-range of authoritative information for the aquaculture industry and academia.

In addition to a wealth of information, the authors review research and commercially applicable larval quality indicators and predictors. The successful production of good-quality fish larvae is of vital importance for fish farming and stock enhancement of wild fisheries:

• Includes contributions from a consortium of noted researchers and experts in the field

• Deals with on how to improve egg quality and larval production via broodstock management and nutrition

• Suggests ways to control the phenotype of juveniles and table-size fish via manipulations of the conditions of larval rearing (e.g., epigenetics)

• Includes ideas for optimizing diet composition, formulation, and technology

• Integrates knowledge and practical experience in order to help advancing excellence in aquaculture

Success Factors for Fish Larval Production offers fish biologists, developmental biologists, physiologists and zoologists the most current and reliable information on the topic. All those working in fish aquaculture facilities and hatcheries in particular will find great interest to their commercial operations within this book.

Auteur

About the Editors

LUÍS E.C. CONCEIÇÃO is a founder of SPAROS, a start-up company that arose from the Centre
of Marine Sciences of the University of the Algarve, Portugal. SPAROS is devoted to innovation
in fish feeding and nutrition. Luis was Vice-Chair of LARVANET.

AMOS TANDLER is based at the National Center for Mariculture in Eilat, Israel, which he directed and which is part of Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research. He was Chair of LARVANET. He and his students pioneered the science behind marine fish larval research, being the foundation for innovations and the development of the sprouting Israeli Mariculture industry.

Contenu

Acknowledgements xvii

1 Introduction 1

Reference 2

2 Gamete Quality and BroodstockManagement in Temperate Fish 3
HerveMigaud, Gordon Bell, Elsa Cabrita, Brendan McAndrew, Andrew Davie, Julien Bobe, Maria Paz Herráez and Manuel Carrillo

Introduction 3

Egg and Sperm Quality and Assessment 4

Egg Quality 4

Sperm Quality 6

Germ Cell Preservation 8

Eggs 8

Sperm Storage and Management 8

Other Sources of Germplasm: Undifferentiated Germ Cells and Surrogate

Production 9

Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs 10

Broodstock Nutrition 11

Background 11

Salmonids 11

Bass, Bream and Related Sparids 13

Atlantic Cod 15

Flatfish 15

Carp 17

Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs 17

Applications of Genetics and Genomics to Broodstock Management 17

General Considerations and New Advances 17

Selective Breeding Programmes 18

Genetic Markers 22

Functional Genomics 23

Chromosome Set Manipulation 24

Gene Transfer Technologies 26

Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs 27

Broodstock Environmental and Hormonal Manipulations 27

General Concepts 27

Entrainment of Reproduction: Proximate Factors 28

Photoperiod Regimes Used in Aquaculture 30

Temperature as an Ultimate Factor 31

Spawning Induction Techniques 32

Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs 35

Overall Conclusions 35

Acknowledgements 38

References 38

3 Feeding Behaviour and Digestive Physiology in Larval Fish: Current Knowledge, and Gaps and Bottlenecks in Research 55
*Ivar Rønnestad, Manuel Yúfera, Bernd Ueberschär, Laura Ribeiro, Øystein Sæle and Clara Boglione*

Introduction 55

Feeding Behaviour and Appetite 56

Detection 56

Capture and Ingestion 59

Feeding Rhythms 61

Neuroendocrine Control of Appetite and Ingestion 61

Adaptation of Feeding Protocols to the Feeding Behaviour 63

Digestive Physiology 63

Ontogeny and Plasticity of the Digestive System 63

Accessory Digestive Organs 66

IntestinalModelling and Remodelling 67

Digestion: An Overview 69

Digestion of Proteins and Peptides 70

Pancreatic Enzymes 70

Enzymes in the Mucosal Layer 75

Exogenous Enzymes 75

Absorption 76

Free Amino Acids 76

Peptides 77

Whole Proteins 78

General Protein-Processing Capacity 79

Gut Transit Rate Versus Dietary Protein Utilization 80

Lipids 82

Preintestinal Digestion of Lipids 82

Intestinal Lipid Digestion 83

Overall Processing Capacity for Lipids 85

Digestion of Carbohydrates 86

Regulatory Systems of Digestion 87

Gastrointestinal Tract Hormones 89

Other Gastrointestinal Tract Hormones 92

Enteric Nervous Systems 92

Future Research Strategies for Studies in Feeding Behaviour and Digestive

Physiology to Advance Larval Rearing of Marine Fish 93

Acknowledgements 96

References 96

4 Fish Larval Nutrition and Feed Formulation: Knowledge Gaps and Bottlenecks for Advances in Larval Rearing 123
Kristin Hamre, Manuel Yúfera, Ivar Rønnestad, Clara Boglione, Luis E. C. Conceição and Marisol Izquierdo

Introduction 123

Larval Nutrition 124

What are the Larval Nutrient Requirements? 124

Direct Measurements of Larval Requirements, for Example

DoseResponse 125

Macronutrients 125

Protein and Amino Acids 126

Lipid Class Composition 127

Essential Fatty Acids 129

Vitamins 132

Minerals 133

Indirect Measurements 134 ...