Somatic Genome Variation

Written by an international team of experts, Somatic
Genome Variation presents a timely summary of the latest
understanding of somatic genome development and variation in
plants, animals, and microorganisms. Wide-ranging in coverage, the
authors provide an updated view of somatic genomes and genetic
theories while also offering interpretations of somatic genome
variation. The text provides geneticists, bioinformaticians,
biologist, plant scientists, crop scientists, and microbiologists
with a valuable overview of this fascinating field of research.

Auteur

About the Editor

Xiu-Qing Li, Doctorat d'État en Sciences (France), is a senior level Research Scientist of Molecular Genetics at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (Government of Canada). Dr. Li is also an Adjunct Professor at the University of New Brunswick and serves as an editor on PloS ONE, Genetics and Epigeneitcs, and the Potato Journal.

Texte du rabat

A comprehensive review and integration of cutting-edge research worldwide that is revolutionizing science's understanding of genetic variation and inheritance Somatic Genome Variation in Animals, Plants, and Microorganisms provides a wide-ranging review of one of the most exciting and promising areas of genomics research. Featuring contributions from a team of distinguished researchers from around the world, it summarizes the growing body of evidence for developmental and environmental genome variation in microorganisms, plants, and animals while offering authoritative interpretations of identified genome variations. Research currently underway at laboratories worldwide has begun to overturn many fixed beliefs about the nature of somatic genomes. For example, it has long been held that, except for epigenetic variation and occasional mutations caused by external mutagens, somatic cells are genetically identical and contribute nothing to inheritance; that gene transcript abundance is determined purely by promoter activity and RNA stability; and that clones have the same genome. The evidence assembled in this book challenges those assumptions, shedding new light on changes that occur to primary nucleotide sequences and ploidy of nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes during somatic development. The authors explore somatic genome variation, update various basic concepts in genetics and breeding, consider the implications of somatic genome variation for human health and agriculture, and propose an updated synthesis of inheritance supported by the evidence.

• Provides an updated view of somatic genomes and fundamental genetic theories while also offering interpretations of somatic genome variation
• Features wide-ranging coverage of developments at the forefront of one of today's most fascinating fields of research
• Increases our understanding of genetic variation that occurs during development and in response to environment
• Authored by a global team of experts in the field it presents up-to-date coverage of somatic genomes and genetic theories
  Somatic Genome Variation in Animals, Plants, and Microorganisms is an important source of information and inspiration for geneticists, bioinformaticians, biologists, plant scientists, crop scientists, and microbiologists, as well as biomedical researchers.

Résumé
Written by an international team of experts, Somatic Genome Variation presents a timely summary of the latest understanding of somatic genome development and variation in plants, animals, and microorganisms. Wide-ranging in coverage, the authors provide an updated view of somatic genomes and genetic theories while also offering interpretations of somatic genome variation. The text provides geneticists, bioinformaticians, biologist, plant scientists, crop scientists, and microbiologists with a valuable overview of this fascinating field of research.

Contenu

List of Contributors xv

Preface and Introduction xix

Acknowledgments xxi

About the Editor xxiii

Part I Somatic Genome Variation in Animals and Humans 1

1 Polyploidy in Animal Development and Disease 3
*Jennifer L. Bandura and Norman Zielke*

1.1 Introduction 3

1.2 Mechanisms Inducing Somatic Polyploidy 4

1.3 The Core Cell Cycle Machinery 8

1.4 Genomic Organization of Polyploid Cells 9

1.5 Endoreplication: An Effective Tool for Post-Mitotic Growth and Tissue Regeneration 10

1.6 Initiation of Endoreplication in Drosophila 11

1.7 Mechanisms of Endocycle Oscillations in Drosophila 15

1.8 Gene Amplification in Drosophila Follicle Cells 17

1.9 Endocycle Entry in the Trophoblast Lineage 19

1.10 Mechanisms of Endocycle Oscillations in Trophoblast Giant Cells 22

1.11 Cardiomyocytes 23

1.12 Hepatocytes 25

1.13 Megakaryocytes 28

1.14 Concluding Remarks 30

Acknowledgments 31

References 31

2 Large-Scale Programmed Genome Rearrangements in Vertebrates 45
*Jeramiah J. Smith*

2.1 Introduction 45

2.1 Hagfish 46

2.3 Sea Lamprey 48

2.4 Zebra Finch 48

2.5 Emerging Themes and Directions 49

References 51

3 Chromosome Instability in Stem Cells 55
*Paola Rebuzzini, Maurizio Zuccotti, Carlo Alberto Redi and Silvia Garagna*

3.1 Introduction 55

3.2 Pluripotent Stem Cells 56

3.3 Somatic Stem Cells 58

3.4 Mechanisms of Chromosomal Instability 59

3.5 Mechanisms of Chromosomal Instability in Stem Cells 63

References 63

Part II Somatic Genome Variation in Plants 75

4 Mechanisms of Induced Inheritable Genome Variation in Flax 77
*Christopher A. Cullis*

4.1 Introduction 77

4.2 Restructuring the Flax Genome 79

4.3 Specific Genomic Changes 80

4.4 What Happens When Plastic Plants Respond to Environmental Stresses? 83

4.5 When Do the Genomic Changes Occur and Are they Adaptive? 83

4.6 Is this Genomic Response of Flax Unique? 84

4.7 Concluding Remarks 87

Acknowledgments 87

References 87

5 Environmentally Induced Genome Instability and its Inheritance 91
*Andrey Golubov*

5.1 Introduction 91

5.2 Stress and its Effects on Genomes 92

5.3 Transgenerational Inheritance 96

5.4 Concluding Remarks 97

Acknowledgments 97

References 97

6 The Mitochondrial Genome, Genomic Shifting, and Genomic Conflict 103
*Gregory G. Brown*

6.1 Introduction 103

6.2 Heteroplasmy and Sublimons 105

6.3 Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS) in Plants 108

6.4 Mitochondrial Sublimons and CMS 109

6.5 Restorer Gene Evolution: Somatic Genetic Changes Drive Nuclear Gene Diversity? 111

6.6 Concluding Remarks 112

References 113

7 Plastid Genome Stability and Repair 119
*Éric Zampini, Sébastien Truche, Étienne Lepage, Samuel Tremblay?]Belzile and Normand Brisson*

7.1 Introduction 120

7.2 Characteristics of the Plastid Genome 121

7.3 Replication of Plastid DNA 124

7.4 Transcription in the Plastid 130

7.5 The Influence of Replication and Transcription on Plastid Genome Stability 131

7.6 Plastid Genome Stability and DNA Repair 133

7.7 Outcomes of DNA Rearrangements 145

7.8 Concluding Remarks 147

References 148

Part III Somatic Genome Variation in Microorganisms 165

8 RNA-Mediated Somatic Genome Rearrangement in Ciliates 167
*John R. Bracht*

8.1 Introduction 168 ...