Solid Electrolytes

Solid Electrolytes: General Principles, Characterization, Materials, Applications presents specific theories and experimental methods in the field of superionic conductors. It discusses that high ionic conductivity in solids requires specific structural and energetic conditions. It addresses the problems involved in the study and use of solid electrolytes.
Some of the topics covered in the book are the introduction to the theory of solid electrolytes; macroscopic evidence for liquid nature; structural models; kinetic models; crystal structures and fast ionic conduction; interstitial motion in body-centered cubic structures; and materials with the fluorite and antifluorite structures. The diffraction studies of superionic conductors are covered. The significance of defects and disorder to ionic conductivity are discussed. The text describes the transport mechanisms and lattice defects. A study of the diffusion and ionic conductivity equations is presented. A chapter is devoted to the quasi-elastic neutron scattering. Another section focuses on the complex conductivity in the microwave range.
The book can provide useful information to scientists, physicists, students, and researchers.

Contenu

List of Contributors

Preface

1 Introduction

References

Part I Theory and Experimental Method

2 Introduction to the Theory of Solid Electrolytes

I. Introduction

II. Macroscopic Evidence for Liquid Nature

III. Structural Models

IV. Kinetic Models

Appendix I: Theories of Liquids

Appendix II: Experimental Techniques

References

3 Crystal Structures and Fast Ionic Conduction

I. Introduction

II. Interstitial Motion in Body-Centered Cubic Structures

III. Interstitial Motion in the Rutile Structure

IV. Other Materials with Unidirectional Tunnels

V. Materials with the Fluorite and Antifluorite Structures

VI. Materials with Layer Structures

VII. Materials with Three-Dimensional Arrays of Tunnels

VIIL Structures with Isolated Tetrahedra

IX. General Comments

References

4 Diffraction Studies of Superionic Conductors

I. Introduction

II. Diffractional Fundamentals

III. Polycrystalline Materials

IV. Single Crystals

V. Defects and Disorder

References

5 Transport Mechanisms and Lattice Defects

I. General

II. Diffusion and Ionic Conductivity Equations

III. Defects and Split Configurations

IV. Activation Process and Transmission Coefficient

V. Random Walk and Correlation Effects

VI. Application to j8-Alumina

VII. Liquidlike Transport? Conclusions

References

6 High-Frequency Measurements and Interpretations

I. Introduction and Survey

II. Quasi-Elastic Neutron Scattering

III. Electromagnetic Spectra

References

7 NMR Techniques for Studying Ionic Diffusion

I. Introduction

IL Basic Principles of NMR Observations

III. Survey of Selected Systems

References

8 Electron Spin Resonance Application to Solid Electrolytes

Introduction

1. General Considerations about Electron Spin Resonance

   9 The Influence of Crystal Structure and of Microstructure on Some Properties of Polycrystalline ß-Alumina

   I. Introduction

   II. Analysis of the Electrical Properties of Polycrystalline ß-Alumina

   III. The Effects of Fabrication Details on Microstructure and Properties

   IV. Summary and Concluding Remarks

   References

   10 Low-Frequency Measurements on Solid Electrolytes and Their Interpretations

   I. Introduction

   II. General Impedance Behavior of Solid Cell System

   III. Electrical Measurement Techniques

   IV. Determination of Bulk Properties

   V. Determination of Interfacial Properties

   Appendix I. Complex Impedance and Admittances: Argand Diagrams

   Appendix II. Relationship between Complex and Transient

   Impedances: Laplace Transforms

   References

   11 Interface Phenomena

   I. Introduction

   II. Qualitative Theory of Solid Electrolyte Interfaces

   References

Part II Materials

12 Solid Electrolytes as a Materials Problem

I. Introduction

II. Ionic Conductivity and Lattice Defects

III. Macroscopic Aspects of Ionic Conductivity

References

13 Organic Ion Conductors

I. Introduction

II. Silver Ion Conductors

III. Copper(I) Ion Conductors

IV. Protonic Conductors

V. Summary

References

14 Inorganic Silver Ion Conductors

I. Introduction

II. The Structure of a-Agl

III. Other Structures with a Body-Centered Cubic Anion Arrangement

IV. Structures with a Cubic Close-Packed Anion Arrangement

V. Structures of ß-Mn Type-M Ag4I5

VI. Structural Basis for Silver Ion Conductors

VII. Ionic Conduction and Diffusion

VIII. Thermodynamic Properties

IX. Special Studies

X. Uniqueness of Ag+ as a Mobile Ion

References

15 Inorganic Copper Ion Conductors

I. Introduction

II. Ionic Conductivity

III. Thermoelectric Power

IV. Electronic Conductivity

V. Other Aspects

VI. New Compounds with High Ionic Conductivity

VII. Summary

References

16 ß-Aluminas

I. Introduction

II. Elaboration of Materials

III. Crystal Structure of ß - and ß"-Phases

IV. Relations between Layer Structure and Electrical Properties of ß-Aluminas

V. Additional Ions in ß-Aluminas

References

17 Ionic Conductive Glasses

I. General Introduction

II. Methods of Measurement of Electrical Conductivity in Vitreous Materials

III. Main Experimental Results and Their Interpretation

References

18 Oxygen Ion Conductors

I. Introduction

II. Theory

III. Experimental Methods

IV. Fluorite-Type Oxides

V. Perovskites and Other Oxides

VI. Interfacial Processes

VII. Oxides as Useful Electrolytes

References

19 Fluorine Ion Conductors

I. Introduction

II. General Principles

III. Materials with Tysonite and YFg Structures

IV. Fluorites

V. Applications

References

20 AnBXm Solid Electrolytes

I. Introduction

II. A2BO4 Compounds

III. A4BO4, A5BO4, and AA'BO4 Compounds

IV. ABX4, A2BX5, and A3BX6 Compounds

V. Concluding Remarks

References

21 Mixed One- and Two-Dimensional Conductors

I. Introduction

II. Structural Types

III. Ionic Conductivity

22 Electronic Insulators with Tunnel and Sheet Structures

I. Introduction

II. Materials of Hollandite Type

III. Materials of LiNb6O15F Type

IV. Materials of NaxFexTi2-xO4 Type

V. Sheet Materials of Ax(LxM1-x)O2 Type

References

23 Skeleton Structures

I. Design Constraints

II. Examples

References

24 Zeolites

I. Introduction

II. Zeolite Structures

III. Ion Exchange Equilibria

IV. Ion Diffusion in Zeolite Channels

References

Part III Applications

25 High-Temperature Fuel Cells

I. Introduction

II. Principles and Fundamentals of the High-Temperature Fuel Cell

III. Present State and Problems of Development

IV. Technical and Economic Aspects

References

26 Application of Solid Electrolytes in Galvanic Cells

Part 1 Low-Energy-Density Cells

I. Introduction

II. Low-Energy-Density Cells

References

IV. Role in Battery Cathodes and Anodes

References

27 Application of Solid Electrolytes in Galvanic Cells

I. Introduction

II. The Sodium-Sulfur Cell

III. The Lithium-Sulfur Cell

IV. Other Developments

V. Concluding R…