Accelerator Technology

This book explores the physics, technology and applications of particle accelerators. It illustrates the interconnections between applications and basic physical principles, enabling readers to better understand current and upcoming technologies and see beyond the paradigmatic borders of the individual fields. The reader will discover why accelerators are no longer just toys for scientists, but have also become modern and efficient nuclear workhorses. The book starts with an introduction to the relevant technologies and radiation safety aspects of accelerating electrons and ions from several keV to roughly 250 MeV. It subsequently describes the physics behind the interactions of these particle beams with matter. Mathematical descriptions and state-of-the-art computer models of energy-loss and nuclear interactions between the particle beams and targets round out the physics coverage. On this basis, the book then presents the most important accelerator applications in science, medicine, and industry, explaining and comparing more than 20 major application fields, encompassing semiconductors, cancer treatment, and space exploration. Despite the disparate fields involved, this book demonstrates how the same essential technology and physics connects all of these applications.

Auteur

Sören Möller obtained his Diploma in Physics from the University of Bonn, Germany, in 2010 on the subject of nuclear fusion materials and solid-state physics. He continued studying nuclear materials for his PhD thesis with a strong focus on ion-beam analysis and physical chemistry. He obtained his PhD in 2014 at the University of Düsseldorf in cooperation with Forschungszentrum Jülich. In direct continuation, he took a postdoctoral position studying nuclear materials for fusion applications at Forschungszentrum Jülich. In 2014 he became a German state-appointed radiation protection officer, enabling him to install and patent his own end-station designs at a MeV scale tandem accelerator. Since 2017 he has been working as Senior Scientist for Ion-Beam Analysis in the Institute for Energy and Climate Research at Forschungszentrum Jülich mostly in the fields of material analysis for nuclear fusion and battery research.

Contenu

1. Technology 1.1. Vacuum

1.1.1. Pump technologies for the UHV range 1.1.2. Pumping systems and vacuum vessels

1.2. Accelerators 1.2.1. DC

1.2.2. AC

1.2.3. Laser

1.2.4. Electrons vs. ions

1.3. Ion and electron optics 1.3.1. Betatron function and emittance

1.3.2. Optical elements

1.3.3. Magnetic field analysis

1.4. Ion sources

1.5. Detectors<

1.6. Targets

1.7. Radiation protection 1.7.1. Hazardous potentials for man and machine

1.7.2. Avoidance strategies in plant conception

1.7.3. Shielding

1.7.4. Computer models

1.7.5. Legal framework

2. Interaction of particles and matter

2.1. Absorption and reaction of photons 2.2. Stopping power and range of ions and electrons

2.3. Nuclear reactions and activation

2.4. Depth-dependent reaction kinematics

2.5. Computer modeling

3. P article generation with accelerators

3.1. Reaction cross sections

3.2. Neutrons 3.2.1. The specific energy efficiency

3.2.2. Neutron sources at accelerators 3.3. Photons

3.3.1. X-ray sources

3.3.2. Synchrotron sources

3.3.3. Free-Electron Laser

3.3.4. Tscherenkov radiation 3.4. Particles of the standard model and antimatter

4. Technical applications

4.1. Generation of -- emitters

4.1.1. Paths on the nuclide map

4.1.2. Comparison with thermal neutrons

4.1.3. Radiopharmaceuticals

4.1.4. Optimization of production efficiency 4.2. Radiotracers

4.2.1. Radiotribologie 4.2.2. Traceable metastable isotopes

4.3. Material modification

4.3.1. Doping by implantation and activation

4.3.2. Cleaning of new and waste products

4.3.3. Welding, cutting and additive manufacturing 4.3.4. Surface modifications

4.3.5. Sterilization 4.4. Plasma applications

4.4.1. Plasma Heating

4.4.2. Neutral beam injectors

4.4.3. Plasma accelerator

5. Nuclear Medicine 5.1. Radiation therapy

5.1.1. X-ray irradiation 5.1.2. Proton therapy

5.1.3. Neutron therapy

5.1.4. Radionuclide therapy

5.1.5. Selectivity from a physical perspective

5.2. Diagnostics 5.2.1. Information properties

5.2.2. X-ray

5.2.3. Positron emission tomography

5.2.4. Single-photon emission computed tomography

6. Material testing

6.1. Ion, electron and photon beam analysis

6.1.1. Physical Concepts 6.1.2. Detection limit and accuracy

6.1.3. X-ray absorption analysis 6.1.4. Elastic and inelastic particle scattering analysis

6.1.5. Total Ion Beam Analysis

6.1.6. Mobile systems with radioactive sources

6.1.7. Focused-Ion Beam

6.1.8. Second ary Ion Mass Spectroscopy

6.1.9. Electron microscopy

6.1.10. Accelerator mass spectrometry 6.2. Neutron-based material analysis

6.2.1. Neutron scattering

6.2.2. Imaging

6.2.3. Activation analysis

6.3. Radiation damage 6.4. Heat and particle loading tests

7. Energy production and storage 7.1. Spallation

7.2. Nuclear storage

7.3. Accelerator fusion