The Ergonomics of Computer Pointing Devices

We first began looking at pointing devices and human performance in 1990 when the senior author, Sarah Douglas, was asked to evaluate the human performance ofa rather novel device: a finger-controlled isometric joystick placed under a key on the keyboard. Since 1990 we have been involved in the development and evaluation ofother isometric joysticks, a foot-controlled mouse, a trackball, and a wearable computer with head­ mounted display. We unabashedly believe that design and evaluation of pointing devices should evolve from a broad spectrum of values which place the human being at the center. These values include performance iss­ ues such as pointing-time and errors, physical issues such as comfort and health, and contextual issues such as task usabilityand user acceptance. This book chronicles this six-year history of our relationship as teacher (Douglas) and student (Mithal), as we moved from more traditional evalu­ ation using Fitts' law as the paradigm, to understanding the basic research literature on psychomotor behavior. During that process we became pro­ foundly aware that many designers of pointing devices fail to understand the constraints of human performance, and often do not even consider experimental evaluation critical to usability decisions before marketing a device. We also became aware ofthe fact that, contraryto popularbeliefin the human-computer interaction community, the problem of predicting pointing device performance has not been solved by Fitts' law. Similarly, our expectations were biased by the cognitive revolution of the past 15 years with the beliefpointing device research was 'low-level' and uninter­ esting.

Contenu

1. Introduction.- 1.1 Approach.- 1.2 The Organization of This Book.- 1.3 Importance and Future of Pointing Device Ergonomics.- 2. Human Motor Performance.- 2.1 Fitts' Law.- 2.2 Psychomotor Models.- 2.3 Other Aspects of Motor Behavior.- 2.4 Summary.- 2.5 Endnotes.- 3. Factors in Applying Psychomotor Studies to Pointing Devices.- 3.1 Devices: Operation, Features and Types.- 3.2 Limb Control.- 3.3 Tasks.- 3.4 Summary.- 4. A Survey of Ergonomic Studies.- 4.1 Studies by Device.- 4.2 Comparison Between Devices.- 4.3 Summary.- 4.4 Endnotes.- 5. Evaluating New Devices: A Case Study.- 5.1 Overview.- 5.2 Introduction.- 5.3 Previous Research.- 5.4 Method.- 5.5 Results.- 5.6 Discussion.- 5.7 Conclusions.- 5.8 Endnotes.- 6. Using the Microstructure of Movement to Understand Device Performance.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Research Questions.- 6.3 Method.- 6.4 Results.- 6.5 Discussion.- 6.6 Summary and Conclusions.- 6.7 Endnotes.- 7. Performance Models.- 7.1 Historical Background.- 7.2 GOMS.- 7.3 Keystroke Level Model.- 7.4 Stochastic Network Models.- 7.5 Extensions to the GOMS Model Research.- 7.6 Summary.- 7.7 Endnotes.- 8. Challenges of the Present and Future.- 8.1 Review of Pointing Device Research Findings.- 8.2 Integrating Ergonomics Research into Design.- 8.3 Innovations in Pointing Device Technology and Interfaces.- 8.4 Future Research Directions.- 8.5 Conclusions.- 8.6 Endnotes.- 9. Bibliography.