Rubber-Clay Nanocomposites

The one-stop resource for rubber-clay nanocomposite
information

The first comprehensive, single-volume book to compile all the
most important data on rubber-clay nanocomposites in one place,
Rubber-Clay Nanocomposites: Science, Technology, and
Applications reviews rubber-clay nanocomposites in an
easy-to-reference format designed for R&D professionals.

Including contributions from experts from North America, Europe,
and Asia, the book explores the properties of compounds with
rubber-clay nanocomposites, including their rheology, curing
kinetics, mechanical properties, and many others.

Rubber-clay nanocomposites are of growing interest to the
scientific and technological community, and have been shown to
improve rubber compound reinforcement and impermeability. These
natural mineral fillers are of potential interest for large-scale
applications and are already making an impact in several major
fields. Packed with valuable information about the synthesis,
processing, and mechanics of these reinforced rubbers, the book
covers assorted rubber-clay nanocomposites applications, such as in
automotive tires and as polymer fillers.

Promoting common knowledge and interpretation of the most
important aspects of rubber-clay nanocomposites, and clarifying the
main results achieved in the field of rubbers and crosslinked
rubbers--something not covered in other books in the
field--Rubber-Clay Nanocomposites helps scientists
understand morphology, vulcanization, permeability, processing
methods, and characterization factors quickly and easily.

Auteur
Maurizio Galimberti is a Professor of Chemistry for Rubber and Composite Materials Technology at Milan Polytechnic, Milan, Italy, and a Visiting Professor at University of Insubria, Como, Italy. He is the former president and a current board member of the Italian Association of Macromolecules; has published over seventy scientific works in international books and journals; and is the author of more than forty patents.

Résumé
The one-stop resource for rubber-clay nanocomposite information The first comprehensive, single-volume book to compile all the most important data on rubber-clay nanocomposites in one place, Rubber-Clay Nanocomposites: Science, Technology, and Applications reviews rubber-clay nanocomposites in an easy-to-reference format designed for R&D professionals.

Including contributions from experts from North America, Europe, and Asia, the book explores the properties of compounds with rubber-clay nanocomposites, including their rheology, curing kinetics, mechanical properties, and many others.

Rubber-clay nanocomposites are of growing interest to the scientific and technological community, and have been shown to improve rubber compound reinforcement and impermeability. These natural mineral fillers are of potential interest for large-scale applications and are already making an impact in several major fields. Packed with valuable information about the synthesis, processing, and mechanics of these reinforced rubbers, the book covers assorted rubber-clay nanocomposites applications, such as in automotive tires and as polymer fillers.

Promoting common knowledge and interpretation of the most important aspects of rubber-clay nanocomposites, and clarifying the main results achieved in the field of rubbers and crosslinked rubberssomething not covered in other books in the fieldRubber-Clay Nanocomposites helps scientists understand morphology, vulcanization, permeability, processing methods, and characterization factors quickly and easily.

Contenu
PREFACE xvii CONTRIBUTORS xxi

SECTION I CLAYS FOR NANOCOMPOSITES

1 CLAYS AND CLAY MINERALS 3

1.1 What's in a Name / 3

1.2 Multiscale Organization of Clay Minerals / 6

1.2.1 Dispersion Versus Aggregation / 6

1.2.2 Delamination/Exfoliation Versus Stacking / 6

1.3 Intimate Organization of the Layer / 8

1.3.1 Cationic and Neutral Clay Minerals / 8

1.3.2 Anionic Clay Minerals (O) / 21

1.4 Most Relevant Physicochemical Properties of Clay Mineral / 22

1.4.1 Surface Area and Porosity / 22

1.4.2 Chemical Landscape of the Clay Surfaces / 24

1.4.3 Cation (and Anion) Exchange Capacity / 24

1.4.4 Intercalation and Confinement in the Interlayer Space / 27

1.4.5 Swelling / 30

1.4.6 Rheology / 31

1.5 Availability of Natural Clays and Synthetic Clay Minerals / 33

1.6 Clays and (Modified) Clay Minerals as Fillers / 35

Acknowledgment / 37

References / 37

2 ORGANOPHILIC CLAY MINERALS 45

2.1 Organophilicity/Lipophilicity and the Hydrophilic/Lipophilic Balance (HLB) / 45

2.2 From Clays to Organoclays in Polymer Technology / 47

2.3 Methods of Organoclay Synthesis / 49

2.3.1 Cation Exchange from Solutions / 49

2.3.2 Solid-State Intercalation / 58

2.3.3 Grafting from Solution / 59

2.3.4 Direct Synthesis of Grafted Organoclays / 62

2.3.5 Postsynthesis Modifications of Organoclays: The PCH / 64

2.3.6 An Overview of Commercial Organoclays / 64

2.3.7 One-Pot CPN Formation / 66

2.4 Other Types of Clay Modifications for Clay-Based Nanomaterials / 66

2.4.1 Organo-Pillared Clays / 66

2.4.2 Plasma-Treated Clays / 69

2.5 Fine-Tuning of Organoclays Properties / 69

2.5.1 Maximizing the Dispersion of the Filler: Effect

of Surfactant/CEC Ratio / 69

2.5.2 Improving Thermal Stability / 70

2.5.3 Chemical Treatments / 71

2.5.4 Physical Treatments (Freeze-Drying, Sonication, Microwave) / 71

2.6 Some Introductory Reflections on Organoclay Polymer Nanocomposites / 72

References / 75

3 INDUSTRIAL TREATMENTS AND MODIFICATION OF CLAY MINERALS 87

3.1 Bentonite: From Mine to Plant / 87

3.1.1 A Largely Diffused Clay / 87

3.1.2 Geological Occurrence / 89

3.1.3 Mining / 89

3.2 Processing of Bentonite / 90

3.2.1 Modification of Bentonite Properties / 90

3.2.2 Processing Technologies / 91

3.3 Purification of Clay / 93

3.3.1 Influence of Clay Concentration / 94

3.3.2 Influence of Swelling Time / 94

3.3.3 Influence of Temperature / 95

3.4 Reaction of Clay with Organic Substances / 97

3.5 Particle Size Modification / 99

References / 99

4 ALKYLAMMONIUM CHAINS ON LAYERED CLAY MINERAL SURFACES 101

4.1 Structure and Dynamics / 101

4.1.1 Packing Density and Self-Assembly / 102

4.1.2 Dynamics and Diffusion at the ClaySurfactant Interface / 110

4.1.3 Utility of Molecular Simulation to Obtain Molecular-Level Insight / 111

4.2 Thermal Properties / 111

4.2.1 Reversible Melting Transitions of Alkyl Chains in the Interlayer / 111

4.2.2 Solvent Evaporation and Thermal Elimination of Alkyl Surfactants / 113

4.3 Layer Separation and Miscibility with Polymers / 115

4.3.1 Thermodynamics Model for Exfoliation in Polymer Matrices / 115

4.3.2 Cleavage Energy / 116

4.3.3 Surface Energy / 121

4.4 Mechanical Properties of Clay Minerals / 121

References / 123

5 CHEMISTRY OF RUBBERORGANOCLAY NANOCOMPOSITES 127

5.1 Introduction / 127

5.2 Organic Cation Decomposition in Salts, Organoclays and Polymer Nanocomposites / 128

5.2.1 Experimental Techniques / 128

5.2.2 Decomposition of Organoclays Versus Precursor Organic Cation Salts / 133

5.3 Mechanism of Thermal Decomposition of Organoclays / 135 5.4 Role of Organic Cations i...