Receptors and Hormone Action

Receptors and Hormone Action, Volume 1, provides an overview of the state of knowledge in hormone action. This book describes basic methodologies and model systems used in the exploration of the molecular bases of hormone action. The chapters present not only a rather extensive description of hormone receptors and their properties, but also basic aspects of structure and function of chromatin and membranes, the sites at which hormones and their receptors exert their action. The receptors discussed include soluble cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors for steroid hormones and vitamins, membrane-bound receptors for protein hormones and biogenic amines, and nuclear receptors for thyroid hormones. Receptor types are also covered in view of the large body of literature accumulated on the various functions of these fascinating but elusive molecules. This book is intended for a broad spectrum of readers, including those who have not yet worked in the field as well as those who have considerable expertise in one or another aspect of hormone action.

Contenu

List of Contributors
Preface
1 Sequence Organization of Eukaryotic DNA
I. Introduction
II. Techniques for Determining Interspersion Patterns
III. The Short and Long Interspersion Patterns
IV. Generality of the Interspersion Patterns
V. Conclusions
References
2 The Eukaryotic Nucleus
I. Introduction
II. The Nuclear Structures
III. Chromatin
IV. The Nucleolus
References
3 Chromatin Structure
I. Introduction
II. Histone-DNA Interactions
III. Histone-Histone Interactions
IV. Structure of Histone-Bound Regions in Chromatin
V. Structure of Chromatin Subunits
VI. Chromatin Structure and Its Relation to Biological Functions
References
4 Functional Organization of Chromatin
I. Introduction
II. Histones as Gene Repressors and Structural Elements
III. Nonhistone Proteins in DNA Transcription
IV. Immunospecificity of Chromosomal Components
V. Chromsomal Proteins with Affinity for DNA
VI. Biological Properties of the Chromosomal Nonhistone Protein Fraction NP
VII. Nonhistone Proteins in Chromatin Fractionation
VIII. Discussion and Conclusions
References
5 Animal Nuclear RNA Polymerases
I. Introduction
II. Isolation and Diversity of Nuclear RNA Polymerases
III. General Properties of Nuclear RNA Polymerases
IV. General Functions of Nuclear RNA Polymerases
V. Molecular Structures of Nuclear RNA Polymerases
VI. Levels of Nuclear RNA Polymerases during Alterations in Gene Activity
VII. Components Which Regulate the Activity or Selectivity of Nuclear RNA Polymerases
VIII. Selective Gene Transcription by Nuclear RNA Polymerases in Reconstructed Systems
IX. Conclusions
References
6 Synthesis and Processing of Eukaryotic Messenger RNA
I. Introduction
II. Size and Sequence Organization of Primary Transcripts
III. Posttranscriptional Modifications
IV. Synthesis and Processing of Specific Gene Sequences
V. Conclusions: Future Approaches
References
7 Purification and Characterization of Eukaryotic RNA and Unique Sequenee Genes
I. Introduction
II. Translation of Messenger RNA in Vitro
III. Preparation of RNA from Tissue
IV. Purification of Messenger RNA
V. Characterization of Messenger RNA
VI. Synthesis and Amplification of Structural Genes
VII. Isolation of Intact Genes from Natural Eukaryotic DNA
VIII. Purification of Eukaryotic Messenger RNA's Present in Low Concentrations
References
8 Analysis of Cellular Messenger RNA Using Complementary DNA Probes
I. Introduction
II. Synthesis of eDNA's
III. Hybridization Experiments with eDNA's
IV. Interpretation of Hybridization Data
V. Uses of eDNA Probes to Isolate Hormone- or Tissue-Specific RNA Sequences
VI. Incorporation of eDNA's into Bacterial Plasmids
VII. Conclusions
VIII. Appendix: A Computer Program for Analysis of Nucleic Acid Hybridization
References
9 Gene Expression in the Eukaryotie Cell
I. Introduction
II. Evidence for Differential Gene Transcription
III. Possible Mechanisms for Selective Gene Expression
IV. The Role of Nonhistone Proteins in Gene Regulation
V. Problems and Perspectives
References
10 Regulation of Gene Expression in the Eukaryotie Cell
I. Introduction
II. Subreactions of Transcription and Kinetics
III. Measurement of Chromatin Initiation Sites during Estrogen Mediated Oviduct Differentiation
IV. In Vitro Transcription of the Ovalbumin Gene
V. Fidelity of In Vitro Transcription of the Ovalbumin Gene
VI. Role of Chromatin Proteins in the Regulation of the Ovalbumin Gene
References
11 Steroid Hormone Receptors: Basic Principles and Measurement
I. Introduction
II. Receptor Criteria and Measurement
III. Determination of Receptor Parameters: Theory and Practice
IV. Receptor States and Measurement by [3H]Steroid Exchange
References
12 Current Views on the Organization of Lipids and Proteins in Plasma Membranes
I. Introduction
II. Organization of Membrane Lipids
III. Organization of Membrane Proteins
IV. Membrane Lipid-Protein Association
V. Regulation of Membrane Function
References
13 Fluidity in Membranes
I. Introduction
II. Probes of Membrane Structure
III. Applications to Natural Membranes
References
14 Reconstitution of the Coupled Transports of Na+ and K+ from Purified Na+K+-ATPase
I. Purification of the Na+K+-ATPase
II. Properties of Na+K+-ATPase 451
III. Reconstitution of Coupled Na+ and K+ Transport in Vesicles Containing the Purified NA+K+-ATPase from the Rectal Gland of Squalus acanthias
IV. Role of Phospholipids in the Coupled Transports of Na+ and K+ in Vesicles
V. Exchange Diffusion of Na+
VI. Exchange Diffusion of K+
VII. Other Studies on the Reconstitution of K+ Transport
References
15 Solubilization and Characterization of Adenylyl Cyclase: Approaches and Problems
I. Solubilization of Adenylyl Cyclase
II. Characterization of Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase
III. Conclusions
References
16 The Actions of Hormones and Nucleotides on Membrane Bound Adenylyl Cyclases: An Overview
I. Introduction
II. General Properties of Adenylyl Cyclases
III. Stimulation by Hormones
IV. Coupling
V. Effects of GMP-P(NH)P
VI. Alternate Models for Action of Guanyl Nucleotides
VII. Modes of Action of Hormones
VIII. Concluding Remarks
References
17 An Approach to the Study of the Kinetics of Adenylyl Cyclase
I. Introduction
II. Experimental Procedures
III. Results
IV. Discussion and Conclusions
References
Index