Nonlinear Optical Properties of Materials

This book is mostly concerned on the experimental research of the nonlinear optical characteristics of various media, low- and high-order harmonic generation in different materials, and formation, and nonlinear optical characterization of clusters. We also demonstrate the inter-connection between these areas of nonlinear optics.

Nonlinear optical properties of media such as optical limiting can be applied in various areas of science and technology. To define suitable materials for these applications, one has to carefully analyse the nonlinear optical characteristics of various media, such as the nonlinear refractive indices, coefficients of nonlinear absorption, saturation absorption intensities, etc. Knowing the nonlinear optical parameters of materials is also important for describing the propagation effects, self-interaction of intense laser pulses, and optimisation of various nonlinear optical processes. Among those processes one can admit the importance of the studies of the frequency conversion of coherent laser sources. The area of interest for nonlinear optical characterization of materials is also closely related with new field of nanostructures formation and application during laser-matter interaction.

We show how the nonlinear optical analysis of materials leads to improvement of their high-order nonlinear optical response during the interaction with strong laser fields. Ablation-induced nanoparticles formation is correlated with their applications as efficient sources of coherent short-wavelength photons. From other side, recent achievements of harmonic generation in plasmas are closely related with the knowledge of the properties of materials in the laser plumes. All of these studies are concerned with the low-order nonlinear optical features of various materials. The novelty of the approach developed in present book is related with inter-connection of those studies with each other.

Auteur

Dr. R. A. Ganeev was involved in the studies of the generation of laser pulses with hypergaussian spatial and temporal profiles and the low-order harmonic generation of laser radiation using such tailored beams in nonlinear crystals with record conversion efficiencies known so far. The laser harmonic generation from excited ionic gallium beams was demonstrated for the first time. It was shown that the presence of excited states in the ionic media leads to the considerable increase of nonlinear optical susceptibilities. The ninth harmonic generation in gaseous media with highest conversion efficiency was demonstrated. The third harmonic generation in the isotropic media with positive dispersion was achieved for the first time. It was shown that the nonlinear variations of refractive index lead to the phase-matching conditions in the ultraviolet region. The optical characteristics of the laser plasma produced by the radiation of different pulse duration were investigated.
Dr. Ganeev initiated the systematic studies of the nonlinear optical properties of various media. The nonlinear optical parameters (nonlinear refractive indices, nonlinear susceptibilities, multi-photon and saturated absorption coefficients, etc) of colloidal metal solutions, metal-doped organic polymers, low-excited plasmas, semiconductor chalcogenide films and solutions, dye vapors and solutions, metal-doped glasses and polymers, nonlinear crystals, liquids, fullerenes, fullerene-doped organic films, etc, were analyzed. On the base of these studies the optical limiting in fullerene-doped solutions, colloidal metals and semiconductors was achieved. The investigations of the third harmonic generation of picosecond Nd:YAG laser radiation in colloidal metals, metal-doped organics and glasses, fullerenes, dye vapors and solutions were carried out, and their nonlinear susceptibilities were analyzed in the frames of the influence of self-action processes on the harmonic generation. The third harmonic generation in dye vapors caused by the difference frequency generation was proposed and observed for the first time.

Contenu

Introduction. References.

Chapter 1 Low-order harmonic generation of laser radiation in various media. 1.1. Nonlinear crystals. 1.2. Fullerene-doped polyimide films, Fe- and Z-doped polyvinylpyrrolidone, colloidal metals solutions and organic dyes. 1.3. Plasma and ionic media. 1.4. Gases. 1.5. Low-order harmonic generation during interaction of laser radiation with surfaces. References.

Chapter 2 High-order harmonic generation from laser ablation of various surfaces. 2.1. Current status of plasma harmonic studies. 2.2. Recent developments in plasma HHG. 2.3. Stable generation of high-order harmonics of femtosecond laser radiation from laser produced plasma plumes at 1 kHz pulse repetition rate. 2.4. High-order harmonic generation in graphite plasma plumes using ultrashort laser pulses: a systematic analysis of harmonic radiation and plasma conditions. 2.5. Harmonic generation in fullerenes using few- and multi-cycle pulses of different wavelengths. 2.6. Isolated sub-femtosecond XUV pulse generation in Mn plasma ablation. References.

Chapter 3 Nonlinear optical refraction and absorption of media. 3.1. Basic relations and experimental methods and schemes for analysis of nonlinear optical parameters of media by the z-scan method. 3.2. Crystals. 3.3. Fullerenes. 3.4. Dyes. 3.5. Metals. 3.6. Plasma. 3.7. Liquids. 3.8. Measurements of the nonlinear optical parameters of transparent and nontransparent materials using single-shot techniques. 3.9. Optical limiting in various media. References.

Chapter 4 Laser ablation induced cluster formation. 4.1. Methods of laser-induced nanoparticle formation. 4.2. Characterization of the nanoparticles synthesized during laser ablation of indium and GaAs in various liquids. 4.3. Synthesis and analysis of nanostructured thin films prepared by laser ablation of metals in vacuum. 4.4. Characterization of nanoparticles during laser ablation of nanoparticle-containing targets. 4.5.Nanoparticle formation during laser ablation of metals at different pressures of surrounding noble gases. References.

Chapter 5 Low-order nonlinear optical characterization of clusters. 5.1. Nonlinear optical properties of indium and gallium arsenide nanoparticles prepared by laser ablation in liquids. 5.2. Low-order optical nonlinearities of silver clusters. 5.3. Influence of laser ablation parameters on the optical and nonlinear optical characteristics of colloidal solutions of semiconductor nanoparticles. 5.4. Studies of low-order nonlinear optical properties of BaTiO3 and SrTiO3 nanoparticles. References.

Chapter 6 Application of nanoparticle-contained plasmas for high-order harmonic generation. 6.1. Experimental arrangements for cluster-contained plasma formation and high-order harmonic generation. 6.2. High-order harmonic generation in the plasmas. containing in-situ produced nanoparticles and fullerenes. 6.3. Application of silver nanoparticle-containing laser plasmas for HHG. References.