Illumination Engineering

This book brings together experts in the field who present material
on a number of important and growing topics including lighting,
displays, solar concentrators. The first chapter provides an
overview of the field of nonimagin and illumination optics.
Included in this chapter are terminology, units, definitions, and
descriptions of the optical components used in illumination
systems. The next two chapters provide material within the
theoretical domain, including etendue, etendue squeezing, and the
skew invariant. The remaining chapters focus on growing
applications.

This entire field of nonimaging optics is an evolving field, and
the editor plans to update the technological progress every two to
three years. The editor, John Koshel, is one of the most
prominent leading experts in this field, and he is the right expert
to perform the task.

Auteur
John Koshel (Tucson, AZ), obtained Ph.D in Optics from University of Rochester in 1996. He is currently an adjunct assistant professor at University of Arizona, Optical Sciences Center. He also works as a vice president of optical engineering consulting firm, Photon Engineering, LLC. He frequently chairs at SPIE conferences and provides tutorial on the subject (nonimaging optics). He is a well respected figure in the International optical engineering community publishing numerous peer reviewed papers.

Résumé
This book brings together experts in the field who present material on a number of important and growing topics including lighting, displays, solar concentrators. The first chapter provides an overview of the field of nonimagin and illumination optics. Included in this chapter are terminology, units, definitions, and descriptions of the optical components used in illumination systems. The next two chapters provide material within the theoretical domain, including etendue, etendue squeezing, and the skew invariant. The remaining chapters focus on growing applications.

This entire field of nonimaging optics is an evolving field, and the editor plans to update the technological progress every two to three years. The editor, John Koshel, is one of the most prominent leading experts in this field, and he is the right expert to perform the task.

Contenu
PREFACE xiii CONTRIBUTORS xvii

GLOSSARY xix

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY 1

1.1 What Is Illumination? 1

1.2 A Brief History of Illumination Optics 2

1.3 Units 4

1.3.1 Radiometric Quantities 4

1.3.2 Photometric Quantities 6

1.4 Intensity 9

1.5 Illuminance and Irradiance 10

1.6 Luminance and Radiance 11

1.6.1 Lambertian 13

1.6.2 Isotropic 14

1.7 Important Factors in Illumination Design 15

1.7.1 Transfer Effi ciency 15

1.7.2 Uniformity of Illumination Distribution 16

1.8 Standard Optics Used in Illumination Engineering 17

1.8.1 Refractive Optics 18

1.8.2 Refl ective Optics 20

1.8.3 TIR Optics 22

1.8.4 Scattering Optics 24

1.8.5 Hybrid Optics 24

1.9 The Process of Illumination System Design 25

1.10 Is Illumination Engineering Hard? 28

1.11 Format for Succeeding Chapters 29

References 30

CHAPTER 2 ÉTENDUE 31

2.1 Étendue 32

2.2 Conservation of Étendue 33

2.2.1 Proof of Conservation of Radiance and Étendue 34

2.2.2 Proof of Conservation of Generalized Étendue 36

2.2.3 Conservation of Étendue from the Laws of Thermodynamics 40

2.3 Other Expressions for Étendue 41

2.3.1 Radiance, Luminance, and Brightness 41

2.3.2 Throughput 42

2.3.3 Extent 43

2.3.4 Lagrange Invariant 43

2.3.5 Abbe Sine Condition 43

2.3.6 Confi guration or Shape Factor 44

2.4 Design Examples Using Étendue 45

2.4.1 Lambertian, Spatially Uniform Disk Emitter 45

2.4.2 Isotropic, Spatially Uniform Disk Emitter 48

2.4.3 Isotropic, Spatially Nonuniform Disk Emitter 50

2.4.4 Tubular Emitter 52

2.5 Concentration Ratio 59

2.6 Rotational Skew Invariant 61

2.6.1 Proof of Skew Invariance 61

2.6.2 Refi ned Tubular Emitter Example 63

2.7 Étendue Discussion 67

References 68

CHAPTER 3 SQUEEZING THE ÉTENDUE 71

3.1 Introduction 71

3.2 Étendue Squeezers versus Étendue Rotators 71

3.2.1 Étendue Rotating Mappings 74

3.2.2 Étendue Squeezing Mappings 77

3.3 Introductory Example of Étendue Squeezer 79

3.3.1 Increasing the Number of Lenticular Elements 80

3.4 Canonical Étendue-Squeezing with Afocal Lenslet Arrays 82

3.4.1 Squeezing a Collimated Beam 82

3.4.2 Other Afocal Designs 83

3.4.3 Étendue-Squeezing Lenslet Arrays with Other Squeeze-Factors 85

3.5 Application to a Two Freeform Mirror Condenser 88

3.6 Étendue Squeezing in Optical Manifolds 95

3.7 Conclusions 95

Appendix 3.A Galilean Afocal System 96

Appendix 3.B Keplerian Afocal System 98

References 99

CHAPTER 4 SMS 3D DESIGN METHOD 101

4.1 Introduction 101

4.2 State of the Art of Freeform Optical Design Methods 101

4.3. SMS 3D Statement of the Optical Problem 103

4.4 SMS Chains 104

4.4.1 SMS Chain Generation 105

4.4.2 Conditions 106

4.5 SMS Surfaces 106

4.5.1 SMS Ribs 107

4.5.2 SMS Skinning 108

4.5.3 Choosing the Seed Rib 109

4.6 Design Examples 109

4.6.1 SMS Design with a Prescribed Seed Rib 110

4.6.2 SMS Design with an SMS Spine as Seed Rib 111

4.6.3 Design of a Lens (RR) with Thin Edge 115

4.6.4 Design of an XX Condenser for a Cylindrical Source 117

4.6.5 Freeform XR for Photovoltaics Applications 129

4.7 Conclusions 140

References 144

CHAPTER 5 SOLAR CONCENTRATORS 147

5.1 Concentrated Solar Radiation 147

5.2 Acceptance Angle 148

5.3 Imaging and Nonimaging Concentrators 156 5.4 Limit Case of Infi nitesimal Étendue: Aplanati...