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A clear explanation of the cause, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetes
Written for a broad range of readers, including students, researchers, policymakers, health care providers, and diabetes patients and caregivers, this book explains the underlying biochemistry and physiology of diabetes mellitus. Each chapter contains a glossary that defines key terms, a summary that highlights essential concepts discussed in each section of the chapter, as well as a set of simple problems to help readers gain a richer and deeper understanding of diabetes, from its history to treatment options.
Understanding Diabetes begins with an overview of the disease, its worldwide prevalence and cost, and its connection to the global obesity epidemic. The author then explores the history of diabetes, including the first documented description of the disease dating back to 3400 BCE in Ancient Egypt. The next chapter, A Glucose Metabolism Primer, sets forth the pathways for the metabolism of glucose. Next, the book covers:
Regulation of glucose metabolism and glucose metabolism gone wrong
Diabetes classification system
Diagnosis, including current laboratory tests
Complications, such as retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular disease
Hereditary transmission
Prevention and treatment, including emerging research
Although a cure has still not been found, this book demonstrates that researchers are continuing to make major breakthroughs on all fronts in the fight against diabetes, including a better understanding of its causes and an improved ability to diagnose and treat the disease.
Auteur
RICHARD F. DODS, PhD, D.ABCC, has studied, taught, and written about diabetes mellitus for many years, beginning as a research associate at New York University Medical School. As Director of Clinical Chemistry at the Louis A. Weiss Memorial Hospital, Dr. Dods published pioneering papers on the use of HbA1c as a test for monitoring diabetes mellitus. Later, he established his own company, Clinical Laboratory Consultants, which advised hospital and commercial laboratories on the implementation and interpretation of assays and the use of instruments for the diagnosis and monitoring of disease, including diabetes.
Résumé
A clear explanation of the cause, diagnosis, and treatment of diabetes
Written for a broad range of readers, including students, researchers, policymakers, health care providers, and diabetes patients and caregivers, this book explains the underlying biochemistry and physiology of diabetes mellitus. Each chapter contains a glossary that defines key terms, a summary that highlights essential concepts discussed in each section of the chapter, as well as a set of simple problems to help readers gain a richer and deeper understanding of diabetes, from its history to treatment options.
Understanding Diabetes begins with an overview of the disease, its worldwide prevalence and cost, and its connection to the global obesity epidemic. The author then explores the history of diabetes, including the first documented description of the disease dating back to 3400 BCE in Ancient Egypt. The next chapter, A Glucose Metabolism Primer, sets forth the pathways for the metabolism of glucose. Next, the book covers:
Contenu
PREFACE xvii
1 DIABETES MELLITUS: A PANDEMIC IN THE MAKING 1
Diabetes Prevalence and Cost in the United States 2
A Dire Prediction Based on Alarming Data 2
The Increase of Diabetes in Youths 4
The Cost 6
Diabetes Prevalence and Cost Worldwide 7
A Worldwide Epidemic 7
Numbers of Cases of Diabetes 7
Cost 7
Obesity and Overweight; Another Epidemic in the United States 9
A Parallel Pandemic 9
Definitions of Overweight and Obesity 9
Overweight and Obesity among Adults in the United States 9
Obesity and Overweight among Children and Adolescents in the United States 12
Overweight and Obesity Worldwide 14
Overweight and Obesity Globally in Adults 14
Overweight and Obesity in Children 16
The Relationship Between Obesity and Diabetes 16
Projects and Questions 18
Glossary 18
References 19
2 AN EARLY HISTORY OF DIABETES MELLITUS 23
Translation 24
More simply stated 24
The Ebers Papyrus 24
Neandertals 25
Hippocrates, Aretaeus, and Demetrius 25
Galen 26
Sushruta 27
Ibn Sina (Avicenna) 28
The Yellow Emperor 29
Japanese Medicine 29
Paracelsus (Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim) 30
Thomas Willis 31
Johann Conrad Brunner 31
Matthew Dobson 31
John Rollo and William Cruickshane 32
Thomas Cawley 33
Michel Eugene Chevreul 34
Claude Bernard 34
Paul Langerhans (Edouard Laguesse and Eugene L. Opie) 35
Oscar Minkowski and Josef von Mering 36
Advances in Sugar (Glucose) Determinations 37
Earliest ApproachesTaste and Fermentation 37
Evaporation of Urine to Yield Sugar Crystals 38
Moore's Test 38
Trommer's Test 39
Barreswil and Fehling's Solutions 39
Frederick Pavy 40
Benedict's Solution 40
FolinWu Determination of Blood Glucose 41
Banting, Best, and MacLeod 43
Leonard Thompson 44
John Jacob Abel 45
Frederick Sanger 45
Pedro Cuatrecasas 48
Questions and Crossword Puzzle 50
References 52
3 A PRIMER: GLUCOSE METABOLISM 55
Prolog 55
The Carbohydrates and their Function 56
Digestion and Absorption of Carbohydrates 57
Salivary and Pancreatic Amylase 57
Disaccharidases 58
Absorption 59
Overview of Glucose Metabolism 60
Adenosine 5 -Triphosphate (ATP) 61
Glucose Metabolism 63
Glucose Transport into Cells 63
Phosphorylation of Glucose 64
Introduction to Glycogen Synthesis and Hydrolysis 65
Beautiful Concepts 65
Glycogen Synthesis 66
Uridine Bisphosphate Glucose (UBP-Glucose) 67
Glycogen Synthase 67
Branching Enzyme 69
Glycogenolysis 69
Debranching Enzyme 70
Glycogen Phosphorylase 71
Phosphoglucomutase 71
Glucose 6-Phosphatase 72
(1 4)-Glucosidase 72
Synchronization of Glycogenesis and Glycogenolysis (A Beautiful Pathway) 72
Dephosphorylation 73
Effectors 73
Glycolysis (Glycolytic Pathway) 75
Phosphoglucose Isomerase 75
Phosphofructokinase 76
Aldolase 76
Triose Phosphate Isomerase 76
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