Quinoa

Quinoa is an ancient grain that has grown in popularity in recent years. It has been known as a good source of both protein and fiber. As the demand for quinoa increases a comprehensive and up-to-date reference on the biology and production of the crop is essential. Quinoa: Improvement and Sustainable Production brings together authors from around the world to provide a complete assessment of the current state of global quinoa research and production. Topics covered include quinoa history and culture, genomics and breeding, agronomy, nutrition, marketing, and end-uses. The book focuses in particular on the emerging role of quinoa in providing increased food security to smallholder farmers and communities throughout the world.
Quinoa will interest quinoa researchers, producers, crop scientists, agronomists, and plant geneticists, as well as advanced students working with this important grain.

Auteur

Dr. Kevin Murphy is a Plant Breeder and Assistant Professor at Washington State University focusing on quinoa, barley, and several other alternative grain crops. Dr. Murphy currently is the lead project director on a $1.6M, multistate and multidisciplinary NIFA-funded quinoa research project spanning much of the western United States.?Dr. Murphy actively collaborates and communicates with most of the leading quinoa researchers worldwide and leads a vibrant quinoa breeding program at Washington State University. He has published over 20 peer reviewed journal articles on plant breeding and agronomy, including three book chapters. Dr. Murphy is an Associate Editor with Agronomy Journal and has served as a guest editor of a special issue of the peer-reviewed journal Sustainability.? He is working with the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization Academic Impact Team as it prepares for the 2013 International Year of Quinoa.

Contenu
List of Contributors ix

Preface xi

1 Quinoa: An Incan Crop to Face Global Changes in Agriculture 1
*Juan Antonio González, Sayed S. S.Eisa, Sayed A. E. S. Hussin, and Fernando Eduardo Prado*

Introduction 1

A Brief History of Quinoa Cultivation 2

Nutritional Value of Quinoa Seed 2

Botanical and Genetic Characteristics of the Quinoa Plant 5

Quinoa and Environmental Stresses:Drought and Salinity 7

Conclusion 12

References 12

2 History of Quinoa: Its Origin,Domestication,Diversification,and Cultivation with Particular Reference to the Chilean Context 19
*Enrique A. Martínez, Francisco F.Fuentes, and Didier Bazile*

Quinoa Origins in the Central Andes 19

Ancient Expansion to Southern Latitudes in Chile 20

Reintroduction of Quinoa in Arid Chile after Local Extinction 20

Final Remarks 23

References 23

3 Agroecological and Agronomic Cultural Practices of Quinoa in South America 25
*Magali Garcia, Bruno Condori, and Carmen Del Castillo*

Introduction 25

Andean Domestication 26

Botanical and Taxonomical Description 27

Genetic Background and Research on Quinoa Genetics 28

Ecology and Phytogeography 30

Cultivation and Agronomic Practices in South America 30

Quinoa Production 31

Soil conditions 31

Climate 32

Drought resistance 32

Temperature and photoperiod 33

Hail 34

Cultivation 34

Sowing 34

Fertilization of quinoa 36

Cultural practices 37

Crop water requirements and irrigation 37

Biotic threats: pests and diseases 38

Seed harvest and postharvest technology 39

References 41

4 Trends in Quinoa Yield over the Southern Bolivian Altiplano:Lessons from Climate and Land-Use Projections 47
*Serge Rambal, Jean-Pierre Ratte, Florent Mouillot, and Thierry Winkel*

Summary 47

Introduction 48

Materials and Methods 49

The study area 49

Recent past and present climate 49

Source of climate scenarios 50

Simulating the yield index at local or plot scale 50

The soil water balance model 50

Scenarios of land-use/land-cover changes 51

Scaling local yield index up to the region 51

Results 52

Drought history over the area 52

Climate projections and soil drought limitation 52

Time variation of yield at local or plot scale 54

Model results at landscape level 56

Discussion 57

Acknowledgments 60

References 60

5 The Potential of Using Natural Enemies and Chemical Compounds in Quinoa for Biological Control of Insect Pests 63
*Mariana Valoy, Carmen Reguilón,and Griselda Podazza*

Introduction 63

Insects in Quinoa 64

Insect pests of quinoa 65

Beneficial insects in quinoa 65

Chemical responses of quinoa to insect herbivory 72

Quinoa secondary metabolites 74

Potential of Biological Control in Quinoa 76

Potential for Ecological Management of Quinoa 77

References 80

6 Quinoa Breeding 87
*Luz Gomez-Pando*

History Domestication Process 87

Collection of Genetic Resources 88

Goals and Methods of Quinoa Breeding 92

Requirement of the farmers 92

Requirements of the industry and consumers 95

Methods in genetic improvement 96

Quinoa Breeding Methods 98

Selection 98

Participatory plant breeding (PPB) 98

Introduction of foreign germplasm 99

Hybridization 99

Interspecific and intergeneric crosses 102

Backcross method 102 Using hete...