Plasma Protein Metabolism

Plasma Protein Metabolism: Regulation of Synthesis, Distribution, and Degradation covers the concepts concerning the physiological and pathophysiological factors regulating the distribution, degradation, and synthesis of plasma proteins.

This book is organized into nine parts encompassing 32 chapters. The first parts present the assumptions and methodology involved in the various in vivo and in vitro techniques that provide insights to protein metabolism. The next parts describe the techniques of protein isolation, characterization, labeling, and mathematical analysis of the data, as well as the methods for directly quantitating protein synthetic rates in nonsteady state conditions. Other parts are devoted to the factors involved in regulating the serum levels of albumin, acute phase reactants, immunoglobulins, clotting factors, complement and hormone-binding proteins. The controlling factors include such general and specific physiological regulators of protein synthesis and catabolism as levels of specific serum proteins, hormonal regulators, variations of temperature and oncotic pressure, antigenic stimulation, and nutritional factors. The remaining parts analyze the pathophysiological factors including disorders of protein synthesis, distribution, exogenous catabolism, and external loss and stress that produce abnormal levels of serum proteins.

This book is intended primarily intended to protein chemists and researchers.

Contenu

List of Contributors

Preface

Part I Model Systems and Protein Isolation

1. Measurements Required to Define Behavior of a Plasma Protein In Vivo : The Need for Measuring Protein Synthetic Rate with a Criticism of Available Methods

   I. Generalized Model of a Plasma Protein System

   II. Measurements of Synthetic Rate

   References

2. An Approach to the Investigation of the Dynamic Structure of a Complex Biological System Incorporating State Variable Diagram Analysis

   I. Introduction

   II. 14C Metabolic Pathways after Intravenous 14C-Carbonate

   III. The Construction of a Biological Model

   IV. The Formulation of a Mathematical Model

   V. Model Reduction

   VI. The Numerical Evaluation of the Reduced Model Parameters

   VII. Discussion

   VIII. Summary

   References

3. Models for Protein Synthesis Studies

   I. Introduction

   II. Analysis of Models for Albumin Synthesis

   III. Discussion

   IV. Conclusion

   Appendix

   References

4. Synthesis and Degradation of Plasma Proteins

   I. Introduction

   II. Measurement of Rates of Synthesis of Liver-Produced Plasma Proteins

   III. Measurement of Rates of Catabolism of Plasma Proteins

   References

5. Techniques for Protein Separation

   I. Introduction

   II. Requirements

   III. Quantitative Analytical Techniques

   IV. Salting-Out Techniques

   V. Fractionation by Gel Filtration

   VI. Fractionation by Absorption Chromatography

   VII. Preparative Electrophoresis

   VIII. Protein Concentration

   IX. Tests for Purity

   X. Evidence of Denaturation

   References

Part II Protein Distribution

6. Regulation of Interstitial Albumin

   I. Introduction

   II. Constancy of Body Albumin

   III. Functional Anatomy of Interstitial Protein

   IV. Measurement of Interstitial Proteins in Tissues

   V. Control of Interstitial Protein-Mathematical Evaluation

   VI. Factors Responsible for the Different Distributions of Different Plasma Proteins in the Interstitial Fluids

   VII. Discussion

   VIII. Summary

   References

7. The Extravascular Transport of Albumin

   I. Introduction

   II. Proteins of the Extravascular Tissue Spaces

   III. Role of the Lymphatics in the Return of Proteins to the Circulation

   IV. Delivery of Newly Synthesized Albumin to the Plasma

   V. Models of Distribution of Albumin in the Interstitial Tissues

   VI. Transport of Albumin into Ascitic Fluid

   VII. Delay in the Delivery of Albumin from Its Synthetic Site in the Liver

   Appendix

   References

8. Studies on the Extravascular Albumin of Rats

   I. Introduction

   II. The Extravascular Protein Pool

   III. Experimental Procedure

   IV. Results

   V. Results by Other Workers

   VI. Discussion

   References

Part III Subcellular Synthesis Site and Amino Acid Regulation

9. Factors in Regulation of Liver Protein Synthesis

   I. Introduction

   II. Species Differences in Rates of Albumin Synthesis and in Liver Composition

   III. Sites of Formation of Secreted and Retained Proteins

   IV. Amino Acid Supply and Liver Protein Synthesis

   V. Diurnal Rhythms in Liver Protein Metabolism

   References

10. Identification of Proteins Made on Microsomes and Free Ribosomes of Rat Liver

    I. Introduction

    II. Methods

    III. Experimental Results

    IV. Discussion

    References

11. Serum Protein Synthesis in Rats Force-Fed a Threonine-Devoid Diet

    I. Introduction

    II. Experimental Procedure

    III. Results

    IV. Discussion

    References

Part IV Albumin Metabolism

12. Albumin Metabolism

    I. Introduction

    II. Synthesis

    III. Albumin Degradation

    IV. Albumin Distribution

    V. Summary

    References

13. Nutritional, Hormonal, and Temporal Factors Regulating Net Plasma Protein Biosynthesis in the Isolated Perfused Rat Liver

    Effects of Feeding or Fasting Liver Donors and of Supplementation with Amino Acids, Insulin, Cortisol, and Growth Hormone

    I. Introduction

    II. Methods

    III. Results

    IV. Discussion

    V. Summary

    References

14. Oncotic Pressure and Albumin Synthesis

    I. Introduction

    II. Oncotic Pressure and Albumin Synthesis

    III. Site of Oncotic Regulation

    IV. Isolated Rabbit Liver Perfusions

    V. Other Studies with Isolated Livers

    VI. Hyperalbuminemia

    VII. Incorporation of Isotopic Amino Acids into Protein in in Vitro Systems

    VIII. Conclusion

    References

15. Control of Albumin Degradation in Vivo and in the Perfused Liver

    I. Introduction

    II. Reduction of Plasma Albumin

    III. Increased Albumin Pool

    IV. Conclusions

    References

Part V Immunoglobulin Metabolism

16. Genetic Regulation of Immunoglobulin Levels in Man

    I. Introduction

    II. Genetic Control of the Immune Response

    III. Structure of Human Immunoglobulins

    IV. Genetic Polymorphism of Immunoglobulins

    V. Control of Immunoglobulin Synthesis in Health and Disease

    VI. Summary and Conclusions

    References

17. Physiological Factors Controlling Immunoglobulin Metabolism

    I. Introduction

    II. The Metabolism of the Different Classes of Immunoglobulin in Normal Man

    III. Physiological Factors Regulating Immunoglobulin Synthesis

    IV. Physiological Factors Regulating Immunoglobulin Catabolism

    V. Summary

    References

18. Abnormalities of Immunoglobulin Metabolism

    I. Introduction

    II. Hypogammaglobulinemia Associated with Decreased Immunoglobulin Synthetic Rate

    III. Hypogammaglobulinemia Associated with Decreased Immunoglobulin Survival

    IV. Summary

    References

19. The Submolecular Site Related to the Rate of Catabolism of IgG Immunoglobulins

    I. Introduction

    II. Structure of IgG Immunoglobulins

    III. The Catabolism of IgG Fragments and Polypeptide Chains in Experimental Animals

    IV. Catabolism of Human IgG Myeloma Proteins and of H Chain Disease Proteins in Man

    V. Summary

    References

20. The Influence of Gastrointestinal Tract on y-Globulin Metabolism

    I. Introduction

    II. The Role of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Immunoglobulin Synthesis

    III. Physiological Factors Regulating Immunoglobulin Transport by…