Physiological and Clinical Aspects of Oxygenator Design

Physiological and Clinical Aspects of Oxygenator Design documents the proceedings of the Seminar on Advances in Oxygenator Design held at Rungstedgaard in Copenhagen, on 15-20 June 1975. It has been the triple purpose of this seminar to promote interdisciplinary contact between European scientists in the field of extracorporeal oxygenation, to give a picture of the state of the art, and to give indications for the trends for future research.
This volume is organized into seven parts. Part I contains papers on the dimensional conditions for oxygenators. Part II presents studies on oxygenator construction. Part III is devoted to experimental methods of oxygenation. The presentations in Part IV focus on hematological aspects such as the microrheology of erythrocytes and platelets, and the effect of unphysiological blood flow on circulating cells. Part V deals with tissue factors, including oxygen consumption at the cellular level. Part VI covers measurements during extracorporeal circulation. Part VII discusses compatibility problems of foreign surfaces, covering materials from membrane oxygenators and approaches to blood-compatible materials.

Contenu

Preface
Introductory remarks
List of Contributors
Advances in oxygenator design: past, present and future
Dimensional Conditions for Oxygenators
Operational conditions underlying the design of membrane oxygenators
Scaling rules for flat plate and hollow fiber membrane oxygenators for total bypass
Introduction
Notations
Model definition and related gas transfer parameters
Scaling rules
Membrane oxygenator performance under varying conditions
Discussion
Appendix
References
Correlation of effects of blood flow rate, viscosity and design features on artificial lung performance
Introduction
Effects of blood flow rate
Viscosity
Design features: Compliance effects
Design features: Port resistance
Morphological evidence by casting
Thrombus formation
Cannulae
Discussion
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Fluid mechanical problems in membrane oxygenators
Introduction
Symbols
Multiple pipe membrane oxygenator
Hydrophilic membrane oxygenator
Electromagnetic mixing
Conclusions
References
Oxygenator Construction
The Taylor-Vortex membrane oxygenator: design analysis based on a predictive correlation for oxygen transfer
Introduction
Symbols
Experimental methods
Mass transfer correlation
Design analysis
Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
Annular membrane oxygenator with tangential flow. Oxygen transfer analysis and scaling rules
Introduction
Notations
Methods
Characteristics of the tangential flow oxygenator
Hydrodynamic model
Oxygen transfer analysis; theory and experiment
Design criteria for the tangential flow oxygenator
Acknowledgments
References
Fluid mechanics of the Oxford membrane oxygenator and its evaluation in animal experiments
Introduction
Fluid mechanics of the furrowed membrane oxygenator; dye studies
Design of the Oxford membrane oxygenator
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Observations with a membrane oxygenator model combining tubes and sheets
Material and methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Experimental Methods of Oxygenation
A fluid oxygenator using shear flow dispersion of blood in fluorocarbon
The oxygenator
Methods
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
Supersaturated fluorocarbon as an oxygen source
Methods
Results
Discussion
Summary
Acknowledgments
References
Use of hyperbaric oxygen as oxygen source in extracorporeal oxygenation of blood
High-pressure oxygenation of stagnant blood film
High-pressure oxygenation of flowing blood film
Oxygenation with pressure-saturated dialysate
In vivo experiments using high-pressure oxygenation in batch operation
References
Use of hydrogen peroxide as oxygen source in extracorporeal oxygenation of blood
Methods
Apparatus
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
References
Hematological Aspects
Microrheology of erythrocytes and platelets: physiological basis and consequences for the design and the operation of extracorporeal circulatory devices
Introduction
Methods
Results and discussion
Summary
References
Effect of unphysiological blood flow on circulating cells
Platelet adhesion and aggregation
Platelet activation by erythrocytes
References
Platelets, foreign surfaces, and heparin
Introduction
Materials and methods
Experiments and results
Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
Hematologic abnormalities in extracorporeal circuits (ECC)
Introduction
Materials and methods
Discussion of results
References
Scanning electron microscopical observations on microporous membrane oxygenators
Material and methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Extracorporeal circulation and the effect of bubble oxygenation on plasma proteins
Introduction
Equipment testing and bodily responses
Techniques and methods
Results
Comments
Conclusion
References
Tissue Factors
Oxygen consumption at the cellular level
What is the oxygen used for?
References
Hemoglobin oxygen affinity in patients with acute myocardial infarction and angina pectoris
References
Measurements during Extracorporeal Circulation
Problems of measuring blood gases
References
Continuous monitoring of PaO2 of intensive care patients in view of its application during prolonged extracorporeal perfusion
Introduction
Discussion and conclusions
Summary
References
Monitoring hemodynamics, gas exchange, and pulmonary mechanics during veno-arterial bypass with extracorporeal oxygenation
Introduction
Conclusions and summary
References
Automatic oxygen and acid-base control during organ perfusion as a model for extracorporeal circulation
Introduction
Strategy of control
Perfusion system
Results
Discussion and conclusions
References
A computer-operated system for the evaluation of extracorporeal oxygenators
Introduction
Hardware organization
Operating sequence - software structure
Performance test
Acknowledgments
References
Compatibility Problems of Foreign Surfaces
Materials for membrane oxygenators
Introduction
Blood flow
Membranes
Conclusions
References
What has been done with regard to blood compatibility?
Some approaches to blood-compatible materials
Introduction
Extruded silicone tubings
Amphipathic polyelectrolyte complexes
References
Comment
Concluding remarks
Subject index