Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena

Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena, Volume II presents interpretations of the physical basis of shockwaves and high-temperature hydrodynamic phenomena and gives practical guidance to those who work with these subjects in science and modern technology.

This volume contains chapters discussing such topics as the shockwave structure in gases; physical and chemical kinetics in hydrodynamic processes; the radiative phenomena in shock waves and in strong explosions in the air; thermal waves and shockwaves in solids; and self-similar processes in gasdynamics.

Physicists, engineers, researchers, and professors and students in the field of the physical sciences will find the book very educational.

Contenu

Editors' Foreword
Preface to the English Edition
Preface to the First Russian Edition
Preface to the Second Russian Edition
Condensed Contents of Volume I
VII. Shock Wave Structure in Gases
Introduction

1. The Shock Front
   Viscous Shock Front
   The Role of Viscosity and Heat Conduction in the Formation of a Shock Front
   Diffusion in a Binary Gas Mixture
   Diffusion in a Shock Wave Propagating through a Binary Mixture
2. The Relaxation Layer
   Shock Waves in a Gas with Slow Excitation of Some Degrees of Freedom
   Excitation of Molecular Vibrations
   Dissociation of Diatomic Molecules
   Shock Waves in Air
   . Ionization in a Monatomic Gas
   . Ionization in Air
   . Shock Waves in a Plasma
   . Polarization of a Plasma and the Creation of an Electric Field in a Shock Wave
3. Radiant Heat Exchange in a Shock Front
   . Qualitative Picture
   . Approximate Formulation of the Problem of the Front Structure
   . The Subcritical Shock Wave
   . The supercritical Shock Wave
   . Shock Waves at High Energy Densities and Radiation Pressures
   VIII. Physical and Chemical Kinetics in Hydrodynamic Processes
4. Dynamics of a Nonequilibrium Gas
   The Gasdynamic Equations in the Absence of Thermodynamic Equilibrium
   Entropy Increase
   Anomalous Dispersion and Absorption of Ultrasound
   The Dispersion Law and the Absorption Coefficient for Ultrasound
5. Chemical Reactions
   Oxidation of Nitrogen in Strong Explosions in Air
6. Disturbance of Thermodynamic Equilibrium in the Sudden Expansion of a Gas into Vacuum
   Sudden Expansion of a Gas Cloud
   Freezing Effect
   Disturbance of Ionization Equilibrium
   The Kinetics of Recombination and Cooling of the Gas Following the Disturbance of Ionization Equilibrium
7. Vapor Condensation in an Isentropic Expansion
   . Saturated Vapor and the Origin of Condensation Centers
   . The Thermodynamics and Kinetics of the Condensation Process
   . Condensation in a Cloud of Evaporated Fluid Suddenly Expanding into Vacuum
   . On the Problem of the Mechanism of Formation of Cosmic Dust. Remarks on Laboratory Investigations of Condensation
   IX. Radiative Phenomena in Shock Waves and in Strong Explosions in Air
8. Luminosity of Strong Shock Fronts in Gases
   Qualitative Dependence of the Brightness Temperature on the True Temperature Behind the Front
   Photon Absorption in Cold Air
   Maximum Brightness Temperature for Air
   Limiting Luminosity of Very Strong Waves in Air
9. Optical Phenomena Observed in Strong Explosions and the Cooling of the Air by Radiation
   General Description of Luminous phenomena
   Breakaway of the Shock Front from the Boundary of the Fireball
   Minimum Luminosity Effect of the Fireball
   Radiation Cooling of Air
   Origin of the Temperature Drop-The Cooling Wave
   . Energy Balance and Propagation Velocity of the Cooling Wave
   . Contraction of the Cooling Wave Toward the Center
   . The Spark Discharge in Air
10. Structure of Cooling Wave Fronts
    . Statement of the Problem
    . Radiation Flux from the Surface of the Wave Front
    . Temperature Distribution in the Front of a Strong Wave
    . Consideration of Adiabatic Cooling
    X. Thermal Waves
    The Thermal Conductivity of a Fluid
    Nonlinear (Radiation) Heat Conduction
    Characteristic Features of Heat Propagation by Linear and Nonlinear Heat Conduction
    The Law of Propagation of Thermal Waves from an Instantaneous Plane Source
    Self-Similar Thermal Waves from an Instantaneous Plane Source
    Propagation of Heat from an Instantaneous Point Source
    Some Self-Similar Plane Problems
    Remarks on the Penetration of Heat into Moving Media
    Self-Similar Solutions as Limiting Solutions of Nonself-Similar Problems
    . Heat Transfer by Nonequilibrium Radiation
    XI. Shock Waves in Solids
    Introduction
11. Thermodynamic Properties of Solids at High Pressures and Temperatures
    Compression of a Cold Material
    Thermal Motion of Atoms
    Equation of State for a Material whose Atoms Undergo Small Vibrations
    Thermal Excitation of Electrons
    A Three-Term Equation of State
12. The Hugoniot Curve
    Hugoniot Curve for a Condensed Substance
    Analytical Representation of Hugoniot Curves
    Weak Shock Waves
    . Shock Compression of Porous Materials
    . Emergence of Weak Shock Waves from the Free Surface of a Solid
    . Experimental Methods of Determining Hugoniot Curves for Solids
    . Determination of Cold Compression Curves from the Results of Shock Compression Experiments
13. Acoustic Waves and Splitting of Waves
    . Static Deformation of a Solid
    . Transition of a Solid Medium into the Plastic State
    . Propagation Speed of Acoustic Waves
    . Splitting of Compression and Unloading Waves
    . Measurement of the Speed of Sound in a Material Compressed by a Shock Wave
    . Phase Transitions and Splitting of Shock Waves
    . Rarefaction Shock Waves in a Medium Undergoing a Phase Transition
14. Phenomena Associated with the Emergence of a Very Strong Shock Wave at the Free Surface of a Body
    . Limiting Cases of the Solid and Gaseous States of an Unloaded Material
    . Criterion for Complete Vaporization of a Material on Unloading
    . Experimental Determination of Temperature and Entropy Behind a Very Strong Shock by Investigating the Unloaded Material in the Gas Phase
    . Luminosity of Metallic Vapors in Unloading
    . Remarks on the Basic Possibility of Measuring the Entropy Behind a Shock Wave from the Luminosity During Unloading
15. Some Other Phenomena
    . Electrical Conductivity of Nonmetals Behind Shock Waves
    . Measuring the Index of Refraction of a Material Compressed by a Shock Wave
    XII. Some Self-Similar Processes in Gasdynamics
16. Introduction
    Transformation Groups Admissible by the Gasdynamic Equations
    Self-Similar Motions
    Conditions for Self-Similar Motion
    Two Types of Self-Similar Solutions
    2 Implosion of a Spherical Shock Wave and the Collapse of Bubbles in a Liquid
    Statement of the Problem of an Imploding Shock Wave
    Basic Equations
    Analysis of the Equations
    Numerical Results for the Solutions
    Collapse of Bubbles. The Rayleigh Problem
    . Collapse of Bubbles. Effect of Compressibility and Viscosity
17. The Emergence of a Shock Wave at the Surface of a Star
    . Propagation of a Shock Wave for a Power-Law Decrease in Density
    . On Explosions of Supernovae and the Origin of Cosmic Rays
18. Motion of a Gas Under the Action of an Impulsive Load
    . Statement of the Problem and General Character of the Motion
    . Self-Similar Solutions and the Energy and Momentum Conservation Laws
    . Solution of the Equations
    . Limitations on the Similarity Exponent Imposed by Conservation of Momentum and Energy
    . Passage of the Nonself-Similar Motion into the Limiting Regime and the "Infinite" Energy in the Self-Similar Solution
    . Concentrated Impact on the Surface of a Gas (Explosion at the Surface)
    . Results from Simplified Considerations of the Self-Similar Motions for Concentrated and Line Impacts
    . Impact of a Very High-S…