Photobiology, Ionizing Radiations

Comprehensive Biochemisty, Volume 27: Photobiology, Ionizing Radiations deals with the aspects of bioenergetics, immunochemistry, photobiology, and molecular phenomena that underlie the evolution of organisms.

This book discusses the types of phototropic response, action spectra in the further ultraviolet, and structure and light-absorbing properties of the photoreceptor cells. The preliminary remarks on visual pigment structure, synopsis of extracted systems, oxidation of proteins, and effects of ultraviolet radiation and photoreactivation are also elaborated. This text likewise covers the chemical nature of photoreactivable damage, reversibility of potentiated flowering response, and primary reactions in algae and higher plants.

This volume is beneficial to biochemists and specialists researching on ionizing radiations.

Contenu

General Preface
Preface to Section V
Chapter I. Phototropism

1. Introduction
2. Types of Phototropic Response
   a. Higher Plants
   b. Lower Plants
3. The Photoreceptors
   a. Action Spectra in the Visible
   b. Action Spectra in the Further Ultraviolet
   c. Effects of Red Light
   d. Deductions as to the Chemistry of Photoreceptors
   e. Evidence as to the Localization of Photoreceptors
4. The Effector System
   a. The System in Higher Plants
   b. The Role of Auxin Destruction in Phototropism
   c. Relation Between Phototropism and Light Growth Reactions
   References
   Chapter II. Biochemistry of Visual Processes
5. Structure and Light-Absorbing Properties of the Photoreceptor Cells
6. Visual Pigments in Solutions
7. Absorption Spectra
8. Chemical Nature of the Rhodopsins
9. The Porphyropsins
   a. Chemical Basis and Cis-Trans Isomerism
   b. Absorption Properties
10. Other Chromophores
11. Varieties and Distribution of Rhodopsins and Porphyropsins
12. Preliminary Remarks on Visual Pigment Structure
13. The Photoproducts
    a. Prelumirhodopsin
    b. Lumirhodopsin
    c. Metarhodopsin
14. Structure of the Photoproducts and Further Remarks on Visual Pigment Structure
    a. Changes in Opsin Configuration on Bleaching Rhodopsin
    b. Irradiation of Prelumi-, Lumi- and Metarhodopsin
    c. Structural Alterations Associated with the Formation of Prelumi-, Lumi- and Metarhodopsin
    d. Changes in Opsin Configuration During the Breakdown of Metarhodopsin
    e. Apparent Heterogeneity of Prelumi-, Lumi- and Metarhodopsin
    f . Structures of Squid and Cattle Metarhodopsin and their Bearing on the Structure of Visual-Pigment Chromophores
15. Reactions in the Retina
16. The Mechanism of Visual Excitation
    Acknowledgement
    References
    Chapter III. Bioluminescence
17. Introduction
18. Synopsis of Extracted Systems
19. The Specific Systems in Vitro
    a. The Jellyfish, Aequorea and Halistaura (Hydrozoan Coelenterates)
    b. Cypridina (Ostracod Crustacean)
    c. Pholas Dactylus (Pelecypod Mollusc)
    d. Latia Neritoides (Gastropod Mollusc)
    e. Hoplophorus Gracilorostris (Decapod Shrimp)
    f. Meganyctiphanes; Thysonoessa (Euphausid Shrimp)
    g. Odontosyllis (Polychaete Annelid)
    h. Gonyaulax (Dinoflagellate Protozoan)
    i. Balattoglossiis (Marine Hemichordate)
    j. Earthworms (Oligochaete Annelids)
    k. Chaetopteriis (Polychaete Annelid Worm)
    l. Luminous Bacteria
    m. Luminous Fungi (Basidiomycetes)
    n. The Firefly System
    o. The Sea Pansy, Renilla (Anthozoan Pennatulacean Coelenterate)
    p. Arachnocampa (Bolitophila) Luminosa, the Dipterous "New Zealand Glowworm"
    References
    Chapter IV. Photosensitization
20. Introduction
21. The Oxidation of Proteins
22. Inactivation of Viruses
23. Nucleic Acids
24. Furocoumarins and Polycyclic Hydrocarbons
25. Mechanisms of the Reaction
    a. Reactions with Oxygen
    b. Direct Reaction with Substrate
    Acknowledgements
    References
    Chapter V. The Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation and Photoreactivation
26. Introduction
27. General Principles and Methods
    a. Absorption
    b. Quantum Yield
    c. Intensity
    d. Monochromatic Radiation
    e. Experimental Variables
    f. Reciprocity
    g. Action Spectra
    h. Dose-Effect Curves
28. Proteins and their Components
    a. Amino Acids
    b. Enzyme Inactivation and Amino Acid Damage
    c. Quantum Yields for Enzyme Inactivation
    d. Energy Transfer
    e. Gross Changes
29. Nucleic Acids and their Components
    a. Energy Transfer
    b. Action Spectra
    c. Biologically Important Changes in DNA
    d. Chain Breaks
    e. DNA-DNA Cross-Links
    f. Protein-DNA Cross-Links
    g. Purines and Pyrimidines
    h. Hydrates
    i. Pyrimidine Dimers
30. Photoreactivation
    a. Occurrence
    b. In Vitro Photoreactivation
    c. The Chemical Nature of Photoreactivable Damage
    d. Nonphotoreactivable Damage
31. Dark Repair
    a. Excision in Escherichia Coli
    b. Excision of Damage Other than UV Damage
    c. Excision in Other Systems
    d. Repair Replication
32. Summary
    Acknowledgements
    References
    Chapter VI. Phytochrome and Photoperiodism in Plants
33. Introduction
34. Dependence of Plant Photomorphogenesis on Night Length
35. Reversibility of Potentiated Flowering Response
36. Action Spectra for Non-Periodic Responses
37. Molecular Deductions from Physiological Responses
38. Spectrophotometric Assay
39. Isolation of Phytochrome
40. Properties of Phytochrome
41. Nature of the Chromophore
42. Flash Spectrophotometry
43. Chemical Evidence of Phytochrome Action
44. Metabolic Control and Rhythmic Change
    References
    Chapter VII. Photosynthesis
45. Introduction and Methods
46. Photosynthetic Pigments
47. Pigment Systems and Light Reactions
48. Primary and Related Processes
    a. The Primary Reactions in Purple Bacteria
    b. The Primary Reactions in Algae and Higher Plants
    c. Primary Reaction 2
    d. The Photosynthetic Unit and the Possibility of Energy Transfer Between Units
    e. Energy Transfer Between System 1 and 2
49. Dark Reactions
    a. Reduced Products of Photoreaction 1, the Photoreduction of NADP
    b. Plastoquinones and Cytochrome b6
    c. Oxygen Evolution
    d. Photosynthetic Phosphorylation
    e. Hill Reaction
    f. Separation of the Two Pigment Systems
50. Conclusions
    References
    Chapter VIII. Effects of Ionizing Radiations on Biological Macromolecules
51. Introduction
    a. Interaction of Ionizing Radiations with Matter
    b. Direct and Indirect Action
    c. The Role of Metabolism
52. Proteins
    a. Introduction
    b. Direct Action
    c. Indirect Action
53. Polysaccharides
54. Nucleic Acids
    a. Introduction
    b. Damage to Nucleic Acid Constituents
    c. Damage to Nucleic Acids
55. Nucleoproteins, Viruses and Cells
    a. Isolated Nucleoproteins
    b. Viruses
    c. Bacterial and Mammalian Cells
    d. Radiosensitization and Protection at the DNA Level
56. Ribonucleic Acids and Nucleoproteins
    References
    Subject Index