Primitive Money: In its Ethnological, Historical and Economic Aspects: Second Edition, Revised and Enlarged deals with the study of the role of money in the past and in selected regions of the world. This selection is divided into three sections, designated as Book I, Book II, and Book III.
Book I discusses the ethnology of money extending back to more than 5,000 years ago, to the dark age when not much written evidence existed, and to today's various communities scattered around the world. The text covers the regions of Oceania, Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Book II looks into the historical aspect of money, from the ancient period comprising prehistoric currencies such as tools and ornaments, to the Medieval period, and then to modern times. Book III is the theoretical section that attempts to define primitive money, its functions, and its perceived value. This book applies something modern when it discusses primitive monetary policy, such as active and passive attitudes of the State, restrictionist policy, stabilizationist policy, and expansionist monetary policy. This section also discusses the philosophy of primitive money, and its economic and historical roles. The change from primitive to modern money is examined, and the future prospects such as the continuance or redemption of primitive money is discussed.
Anthropologists, sociologists, economists, historians, students and academicians doing sociological research, and even businessmen and industrialists can benefit from reading this text.

Contenu

Preface to the Revised Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Introductory
Chapter 1. The Study of Primitive Money
Chapter 2. Primitive Money still Terra Incognita
Chapter 3. The Background to Primitive Money
Chapter 4. Treatment of the Subject
Book I - Ethnological Section
Part I. Oceania
Chapter 1. Mat and Bark Cloth Money in Samoa
Chapter 2. Whales' Teeth Currency of Fiji
Chapter 3. Other Currencies of the Eastern Pacific
Chapter 4. The Stone Money of Yap
Chapter 5. The Bead Currency of Pelew
Chapter 6. Other Micronesian Currencies
Chapter 7. Pig Exchanges on the New Hebrides
Chapter 8. The Feather Money of Santa Cruz
Chapter 9. Shell Loans on the Banks Islands
Chapter 10. Shell and Teeth Currencies on the Solomon Islands
Chapter 11. The Intricate Currency of Rossel Island
Chapter 12. Debts in Dogs' Teeth on the Admiralty Islands
Chapter 13. Shell and Yam Currencies of the Trobriand Islands
Chapter 14. The "Sacred" Money of New Britain
Chapter 15. New Guinea's Boar Tusk and Shell Currencies
Part II. Asia
Chapter 16. Rice Standard in the Philippines
Chapter 17. The Drum Currency of Alor
Chapter 18. Bronze Guns, Bees' Wax and Buffaloes as Money in Borneo
Chapter 19. Other Moneys of the Indonesian Archipelago
Chapter 20. "Homeric" Currencies in Cambodia
Chapter 21. Gambling Counters as Money in Siam
Chapter 22. Tin Ingots and Gold Dust in Malaya
Chapter 23. Weighed Silver and Lead Currency in Burma
Chapter 24. Tea Brick Currency in Mongolia
Chapter 25. Coconut Standard on the Nicobars
Chapter 26. Grain Medium of Exchange in India
Chapter 27. Reindeer and Cattle Standard in Asiatic Russia
Chapter 28. Currencies at the Persian Gulf
Part III. Africa
Chapter 29. Iron Currency in Sudan
Chapter 30. Salt Money of Ethiopia
Chapter 31. Livestock Standard in Kenya
Chapter 32. Bead Money of Tanzania
Chapter 33. Cowries as Currency in Uganda
Chapter 34. Other East African Currencies
Chapter 35. Calico Currency in Zambia
Chapter 36. Cloth, Metals and Slaves as Currency in Equatorial Africa
Chapter 37. Cowrie Crises in the Former French Sudan
Chapter 38. Cowries, Slaves, Cloth and Gin Money of Nigeria
Chapter 39. Gold Dust Currency of Ghana
Chapter 40. Other Moneys of the Guinea Bay
Chapter 41. Debased Brass Rod Currency of the Congo
Chapter 42. Shell Money of Angola
Chapter 43. Cattle and Bead Money of South-West Africa
Chapter 44. Cattle Currency in South Africa
Part IV. America
Chapter 45. Fur Currency in Alaska
Chapter 46. Shell, Fur and Blanket Currency of Canada
Chapter 47. Wampum and Other Shell Currencies in the United States
Chapter 48. Cocoa Bean Currency of Mexico
Chapter 49. Maize Money of Guatemala
Chapter 50. Cattle Standard in Colombia
Chapter 51. Arrows and Guns as Currency in Brazil
Chapter 52. Snail Shell Currency in Paraguay
Chapter 53. Other Latin American Currencies
Book II - Historical Section
Part I. Ancient Period
Chapter 1. Prehistoric Currencies
Chapter 2. Copper Unit of Account in Ancient Egypt
Chapter 3. Barley and Silver Money of Babylonia and Assyria
Chapter 4. Sealed Ingots in Cappadocia
Chapter 5. Sheep and Silver Currency in the Hittite Empire
Chapter 6. Livestock and Weighed Silver Money of the Jews
Chapter 7. Delayed Adoption of Coinage in Phoenicia and Carthage
Chapter 8. Invention of Coinage in Lydia
Chapter 9. Livestock Standard in Ancient Persia
Chapter 10. Ox and Base Metal Currencies in Greece
Chapter 11. Crude Bronze Currency of Pre-Roman Italy and Rome
Chapter 12. Bronze Axes and Wheels as Currencies in Gaul
Chapter 13. Cattle Currency of the Ancient Germans
Chapter 14. Iron Sword Currency of Britain
Chapter 15. Slave Girl Money of Ireland
Chapter 16. Cattle Currency of India
Chapter 17. Shell, Silk and Metal Currencies of China
Part II. Medieval Period
Chapter 18. Rings and Weighed Metal Currencies of the British Isles
Chapter 19. Cattle Money in Ireland
Chapter 20. Cattle, Cloth and Weighed Metal Money in Germany
Chapter 21. Leather Currency in Italy and France
Chapter 22. Cattle, Cloth and Fish Currency of Iceland
Chapter 23. Ring Money of Denmark
Chapter 24. Cattle and Cloth Currency of Sweden
Chapter 25. Butter as Currency in Norway
Chapter 26. Calves as Monetary Unit in Hungary
Chapter 27. Fur Money of Russia
Chapter 28. Other European Currencies
Chapter 29. Cowries as Currency in India
Chapter 30. Livestock Standard of the Mongols
Chapter 31. Salt Money of China
Chapter 32. Gold Dust Money of Japan
Part III. Modern Period
Chapter 33. Commodity-Currencies of the United States
Chapter 34. Leather Money of the British Isles
Chapter 35. Cattle Currency of Ireland
Chapter 36. Rum Currency in Australia
Chapter 37. Fur and Wheat Currency in Canada
Chapter 38. Sugar Money of Barbados
Chapter 39. Tobacco Money of the Bermudas
Chapter 40. Tobacco and Sugar Money of the Leeward Islands
Chapter 41. Mahogany Logs as Currency in British Honduras
Chapter 42. Uncoined Silver Money in Russia
Chapter 43. Grain Money in France
Chapter 44. Commodity Units of Account in Germany and Austria
Chapter 45. Other European Currencies
Chapter 46. Almonds as Currency in India
Chapter 47. Fictitious Monetary Unit in China
Chapter 48. Rice Money in Japan
Book III - Theoretical Section
Part I. What is Primitive Money
Chapter 1. Definition of Primitive Money
Chapter 2. What is not Primitive Money
Chapter 3. Requirements of Primitive Money
Chapter 4. Classification of Primitive Money
Part II. The Origin of Money
Chapter 5. Moneyless Communities
Chapter 6. Evolution of Barter
Chapter 7. Origin of Money-The Medium of Exchange Theory
Chapter 8. Origin through External Trade
Chapter 9. Origin through Internal Trade
Chapter 10. The Standard of Value Theory
Chapter 11. The Store of Value Theory
Chapter 12. Origin from Standard of Deferred Payments
Chapter 13. Origin through Ornamental and Ceremonial Functions
Chapter 14. Religious Origin
Chapter 15. Political Origin
Chapter 16. Matrimonial Origin
Chapt…