Introduction to Modern Biochemistry 4e

Introduction to Modern Biochemistry, Fourth Edition provides an understanding of the chemical background of biological phenomena. This book discusses the concepts of generation and utilization of free energy.
Organized into 23 chapters, this edition starts with an overview of the important role of amides in biochemistry. This text then explores the chemical structure of proteins and describes the methods of determining the amino acids sequence of proteins. Other chapters consider the role of genes in protein and enzyme synthesis. This book discusses as well the significance of the submicroscopic structure of the cell in biochemical reactions. The reader is also introduced to the chemistry of the carbohydrates. The final chapter deals with biochemical functions of various organs, including the digestive tract, liver, kidney, nervous system, muscles, and connective tissues.
This book is a valuable resource for biologists, biochemists, scientists, researchers, and readers who are interested in the field of biochemistry.

Contenu

Preface
Chapter I Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry

1. Hydrocarbons as Parent Substances
2. Functional Groups
3. Polymeric Compounds
4. Isomerisms
5. Reactions with Biochemical Significance
   Bibliography
   Chapter II Amino Acids
6. Chemical Properties
7. Individual Amino Acids
8. Separation of Amino Acids
   Bibliography
   Chapter III Peptides
9. Structure and Nomenclature
10. Determination of Amino Acid Sequence in Peptides
11. Naturally Occurring Peptides
    Bibliography
    Chapter IV Proteins
12. Structure of Proteins
13. The Sequence of Amino Acids
14. Principles of Chain Conformation
15. Conformation of Scleroproteins
16. Conformation of Globular Proteins
17. Molecular Weights of Proteins
18. Colloidal Nature of Proteins
19. Purification and Check of Purity of Proteins
20. Classification of Globular Proteins
21. Plasma Proteins
    Bibliography
    Chapter V Enzymes and Biocatalysis
22. Chemical Nature of Enzymes
23. Chemical Equilibria and Chemical Energetics
24. Catalysts and Enzymes
25. Dynamic Equilibria and the Steady State
26. Energetic Coupling and Energy-Rich Compounds
27. Specificity of Enzyme Catalysis
28. Enzyme Kinetics
29. Conditions for Enzyme Activity
30. The Mechanism of Enzyme Catalysis
31. Classification and Nomenclature of Enzymes
    Bibliography
    Chapter VI Coenzymes
32. Coenzymes and Prosthetic Groups
33. Coenzymes and Vitamins
34. Structure and Classification of Coenzymes
35. Coenzymes of the Oxidoreductascs
36. Adenosine Triphosphate as Coenzyme
37. Coenzymes of C1 Metabolism
38. Coenzymes of C2 Metabolism
39. Further Group-Transferring Coenzymes
40. Coenzymes of Lyases, Isomerases, and Ligases
    Bibliography
    Chapter VII Nucleic Acids and Protein Biosynthesis
41. Bases, Nucleosides, and Nucleotides
42. Biosynthesis and Degradation of Nucleotides
43. Structure of Nucleic Acids
44. Deoxyribonucleic Acid as Carrier of Genetic Information
45. The Transfer of Information: Biosynthesis of DNA and RNA
46. Protein Biosynthesis
47. Mode of Action of Genes
48. Biochemical Evolution
49. Biochemistry of Viruses
50. Nucleic Acid-Cleaving Enzymes and Phosphatases
    Bibliography
    Chapter VIII Metabolism of Proteins
51. Proteolytic Enzymes
52. Endopeptidases
53. Exopeptidases and Dipeptidases
54. Outline of the Metabolism of Amino Acids
55. Decarboxylation of Amino Acids
56. Transamination
57. Deamination
58. Urea Cycle
59. Fate of the Carbon Skeleton of Amino Acids
60. Degradation to Activated Fatty Acids: Oxidative Decarboxylation
61. Metabolism of Aromatic Amino Acids
62. Amino Acids Supplying Ci Fragments
63. Ketoglutaric Acid or C4-Dicarboxylic Acid-Supplying Amino Acids
    Bibliography
    Chapter IX Porphyrins and Hemins
64. Biosynthesis of the Porphyrin System
65. Chemical Constitution of Heme
66. Multiplicity of Porphyrin Catalysis
67. Significance and Reactions of the Blood Pigment
68. Degradation of Blood Pigment
69. Cytochromes, Catalases, and Peroxidases. Chlorophyll
    Bibliography
    Chapter X Biological Oxidation - Metabolism of Oxygen
70. Combustion and Biological Oxidation
71. Oxidation as Loss of Electrons
72. The Redox Potential
73. The Respiratory Chain
74. Oxidative Phosphorylation (Respiratory Chain Phosphorylation)
75. Other Oxygen-Activating Enzymes
    Bibliography
    Chapter XI Carbon Dioxide Formation in the Citrate Cycle
76. Significance of the Citrate Cycle
77. The Individual Steps
78. Energy Yield of the Citrate Cycle
79. Relations to Synthetic Tasks. Glyoxylate Cycle
    Bibliography
    Chapter XII Fats and Fat Metabolism
80. Chemical Composition of Fats
81. Fats as Depot Material
82. ß-Oxidation of Fatty Acids
83. Metabolism of Unsaturated and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids
84. Formation of Acetoacetate - "Ketogenesis"
85. Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids
    Bibliography
    Chapter XIII Phospholipids, Glycolipids, and Membranes
86. Structural Features
87. Biosynthesis and Structure of Glycerophosphatides
88. Sphingosines and Sphingomyelins
89. Glycolipids
90. Biological Membranes
    Bibliography
    Chapter XIV Isoprenoid Lipids: Steroids and Carotenoids
91. Biosynthesis of Cholesterol
92. Nomenclature and Stereochemistry of the Steroids
93. Sterols and Plant Steroids
94. Vitamin D
95. Bile Acids
96. Steroid Hormones
97. Carotenoids
98. Vitamin A and Visual Purple
99. Polyprenols and Polyprenyl Quinones
    Bibliography
    Chapter XV Simple Sugars, Monosaccharides
100. Nomenclature and Definitions
101. Hemiacetal Formulas
102. General Reactions of Monosaccharides
103. The Individual Sugars
104. Interconversion of Sugars
105. The Pentose Phosphate Cycle
106. Glycolysis and Alcohol Fermentation
107. The Metabolism of Fructose
108. Aerobic Carbohydrate Breakdown
109. Resynthesis of Glucose: Gluconeogenesis
     Bibliography
     Chapter XVI Photosynthesis
110. Importance of Photosynthesis
111. The Photosynthetic Apparatus and Light Reactions
112. Binding of CO2 and Reduction to Carbohydrate
113. Assimilation of Nitrogen
     Bibliography
     Chapter XVII Glycosides, Oligosaccharides, Polysaccharides
114. The Glycosidic Bond
115. Disaccharides
116. Enzymatic Cleavage of Oligosaccharides
117. Biosynthesis of Glycosides and Oligosaccharides
118. Polysaccharides: Homoglycans
119. Enzymatic Breakdown of Polysaccharides
120. Heteroglycans
121. Glycoproteins
     Bibliography
     Chapter XVIII Topochemistry of the Cell
122. The Nucleus of the Cell
123. The Endoplasmic Reticulum
124. Mitochondria
125. The Cytoplasmic Space (Cytosol)
     Bibliography
     Chapter XIX Regulatory Mechanisms and Correlations in Intermediary Metabolism
126. Principles of Metabolic Regulation
127. Metabolism of Carbohydrates
128. Metabolism of Fatty Acids
129. Citrate Cycle and Respiratory Chain
130. Metabolism of Proteins
131. The Common Pool of Intermediary Metabolism
     Bibliography
     Chapter XX Hormones
132. Principles of Hormonal Regulation
133. Adrenocortical Hormones
134. Gonadal Hormones
135. Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla
136. The Hormone of the Pineal Gland
137. Thyroid Hormones
138. The Parathyroid Hormone
139. The Pancreatic Hormones
140. Hypophyseal and Hypothalamic Hormones
141. Further Proteohormones
142. Hormone Regulation of Blood Glucose
143. Hormonal Control of the Menstrual Cycle
144. Tissue Hormones
145. Hormones of Invertebrates
146. Pheromones
147. Growth Substances of Plants
     Bibliography
     Chapter XXI Mineral Metabolism
148. Water Balance
149. Water as Solvent
150. Active Transport
151. Acid-Base Equilibrium
152. Metabolism of Alkali and o…