Nanocarbons for Advanced Energy Conversion

In this second volume in the first book series on nanocarbons for advanced applications the highly renowned series and volume editor has put together a top author team of internationally acclaimed experts on carbon materials. Divided into three major parts, this reference provides a current overview of the design, synthesis, and characterization of nanocarbons, such as carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, graphenes, and porous carbons for energy conversion applications. It covers such varied topics as electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reactions in the different types of fuel cells, metal-air batteries and electrode materials for photovoltaic devices, as well as photocatalysts, electrocatalysts and photoelectrocatalysts for water splitting. Throughout, the authors highlight the unique aspects of nanocarbon materials in these fields, with a particular focus on the physico-chemical properties which lead to enhanced device performances.

Auteur
Xinliang Feng is a full professor at the Technische Universitat Dresden since 2014 and adjunct distinguished professor at the Shanghai Jiao Tong University since 2011 as well as Director for the Institute of Advanced Organic Materials. His current scientific interests include the graphene, two-dimensional nanomaterials, organic conjugated materials, and carbon-rich molecules and materials for electronic and energy-related applications.

Contenu

List of Contributors XI

Preface XV

1 Heteroatom-Doped Carbon Nanotubes as Advanced Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction 1
Jintao Zhang, Sheng Zhang, Quanbin Dai, Qiuhong Zhang, and Liming Dai

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Experimental Evaluation of Electrocatalytic Activity toward ORR 2

1.3 Doped Carbon Nanotubes for ORR 4

1.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes Doped with Nitrogen 4

1.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes Doped with Heteroatoms Other Than Nitrogen 8

1.4 Conclusions 13

Acknowledgments 14

References 14

2 Doped Graphene as Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction 17
Dongsheng Geng and Xueliang Sun

2.1 Introduction 17

2.2 Active Sites and Mechanisms of ORR on Doped Graphene 18

2.2.1 ORR Mechanism on Doped Graphene 18

2.2.2 The Active Site of DopedGraphene forORR 20

2.3 Synthesis and Performance of Doped Graphene 22

2.3.1 Nitrogen-Doped Graphene 23

2.3.2 Synthesis and Performance of Other Heteroatom-Doped Graphene 30

2.3.2.1 B-Doped Graphene 30

2.3.2.2 S-Doped Graphene 31

2.3.2.3 P and Other Heteroatom-Doped Graphene 33

2.4 Conclusions and Perspective 35

References 37

3 Heteroatom-Doped Nanoporous Carbon for Electrocatalysis 43
Sheng Chen, Jian Liu, and Shi-Zhang Qiao

3.1 Introduction 43

3.2 Synthesis of Doped Nanoporous Carbons 45

3.2.1 Synthesis of Heteroatom-Doped Ordered Mesoporous Carbons 45

3.2.1.1 Self-Assembling of Heteroatom-Rich Carbon Precursors through a Soft-Templating Method 45

3.2.1.2 Posttreatment of Ordered Mesoporous Carbon Framework with Heteroatom-Rich Chemicals 47

3.2.1.3 Hard-Templating Method with One-Step Doping Using Heteroatom-Rich Carbon Precursors 49

3.2.2 Synthesis of Doped Porous Graphene 51

3.2.2.1 Vapor-Assisted Method 51

3.2.2.2 Liquid-Phase Method 53

3.3 Heteroatom-Doped Nanoporous Carbons for Electrocatalysis 55

3.3.1 Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) 55

3.3.2 Doped Ordered Mesoporous Carbon for ORR 57

3.3.3 Doped Graphene for ORR 61

3.3.3.1 Single Heteroatom-Doped Graphene 61

3.3.3.2 Dual-Doped Graphene 62

3.3.3.3 Doped Graphene-Based Nanocomposites 63

3.3.4 Other Electrochemical Systems 67

3.4 Summary and Perspectives 69

References 70

4 Nanocarbon-Based Nonprecious-Metal Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction in Various Electrolytes 75
Qing Li and GangWu

4.1 Introduction 75

4.2 Oxygen Reduction in Acidic Media 77

4.2.1 Heat-Treated Macrocyclic Compounds 78

4.2.2 Heat-Treated Nonmacrocyclic Catalysts 78

4.2.2.1 Nitrogen Precursors 79

4.2.2.2 Type of Transition Metals 83

4.2.2.3 Effect of Supports 87

4.2.2.4 Heating Temperatures 89

4.2.3 Importance of in situ Formed Graphitic Nanocarbons 92

4.3 Oxygen Reduction in Alkaline Media 94

4.3.1 Metal-Free Carbon Catalysts 95

4.3.1.1 Nitrogen-Doped Carbon 96

4.3.1.2 Boron and Sulfur Doping 98

4.3.1.3 Binary and Ternary Dopants 99

4.3.2 Heat-Treated M-N-C (M: Fe, Co) Catalysts 100

4.3.3 Nanocarbon/Transition Metal Compound Hybrids 103

4.4 Oxygen Reduction in Nonaqueous Li-O2 Batteries 105

4.5 Summary and Perspective 110

Acknowledgments 111

References 111

5 Spectroscopic Analysis of Nanocarbon-Based non-precious Metal Catalyst for ORR 117
Ulrike I. Kramm

5.1 Introduction 117

5.2 Raman Spectroscopy 119

5.2.1 Theory 119

5.2.2 Characterization of MeNC Catalysts by Raman Spectroscopy 120

5.3 X-Band Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy 122

5.3.1 Theory 122

5.3.2 Examples of EPR Spectroscopy in the Characterization of MeNC 124 <p...