Multimedia Database Systems

The emerging information superhighway will bring to homes and businesses the ability to access and manipulate a vast amount of information stored in a variety of forms in different databases. Multimedia systems facilitate the access and manipulation of such information across high-speed networks. Multimedia database systems are a new generation of database systems that will provide a unified and interactive framework for users to request and integrate information stored in a variety of media. Applications of such systems in scientific research, commercial and business activities (such as interactive TV systems for marketing, banking, entertainment, manufacturing, and design), law enforcement, and military operations are numerous and obvious. This book presents basic research establishing the theory and practice of multimedia databasae systems. Issues relating to the theory of such systems, query languages for multimedia databases, indexing structures, implementations of such systems, and industrial and government applications are addressed. The book will form a valuable text for advanced courses in Multimedia Database Systems.

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With the rapid growth in the use of computers to manipulate, process, and reason about multimedia data, the problem of how to store and retrieve such data is becoming increasingly important. Thus, although the field of multimedia database systems is only about 5 years old, it is rapidly becoming a focus for much excitement and research effort. Multimedia database systems are intended to provide unified frameworks for requesting and integrating information in a wide variety of formats, such as audio and video data, document data, and image data. Such data often have special storage requirements that are closely coupled to the various kinds of devices that are used for recording and presenting the data, and for each form of data there are often multiple representations and multiple standards - all of which make the database integration task quite complex. Some of the problems include: - what a multimedia database query means - what kinds of languages to use for posing queries - how to develop compilers for such languages - how to develop indexing structures for storing media on ancillary devices - data compression techniques - how to present and author presentations based on user queries. Although approaches are being developed for a number of these problems, they have often been ad hoc in nature, and there is a need to provide a princi­ pled theoretical foundation.

Contenu

Towards a Theory of Multimedia Database Systems.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Basic Ideas Underlying the Framework.- 3. Media Instances.- 3.1 The Clinton Example.- 3.2 Examples of Media-Instances.- 4. Indexing Structures and a Query Language for Multimedia Systems.- 4.1 Frame-Based Query Language.- 4.2 The Frame Data Structure.- 4.3 Query Processing Algorithms.- 4.4 Updates in Multimedia Databases.- 5. Multimedia Presentations.- 5.1 Generation of Media Events = Query Processing.- 5.2 Synchronization = Constraint Solving.- 5.3 Internal Synchronization.- 5.4 Media Buffers.- 6. Related Work.- 7. Conclusions.- A Unified Approach to Data Modelling and Retrieval for a Class of Image Database Applications.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Approaches to Image Data Modeling.- 2.1 Terminology.- 2.2 Conventional Data Models.- 2.3 Image Processing/Graphics Systems with Database Functionality.- 2.4 Extended Conventional Data Models.- 2.5 Extensible Data Models.- 2.6 Other Data Models.- 3. Requirements Analysis of Application Areas.- 3.1 A Taxonomy for Image Attributes.- 3.2 A Taxonomy for Retrieval Types.- 3.3 Art Galleries and Museums.- 3.4 Interior Design.- 3.5 Architectural Design.- 3.6 Real Estate Marketing.- 3.7 Face Information Retrieval.- 4. Logical Representations.- 5. Motivations for the Proposed Data Model.- 6. An Overview of AIR Framework.- 6.1 Data Model.- 6.2 The Proposed DBMS Architecture.- 7. Image Database Systems Based on AIR Model.- 8. Image Retrieval Applications Based on the Prototype Implementation of AIR Framework.- 8.1 Realtors Information System.- 8.2 Face Information Retrieval System.- 9. Research Issues in AIR Framework.- 9.1 Query Interface.- 9.2 Algorithms for RSC and RSS Queries.- 9.3 Relevance Feedback Modeling and Improving Retrieval Effectiveness.- 9.4 Elicitation of Semantic Attributes.- 10. Conclusions and Future Direction.- A. Image Logical Structures.- The QBISM Medical Image DBMS.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Medical Application.- 2.1 Problem Definition.- 2.2 Data Characteristics.- 3. Logical Design.- 3.1 Data Types.- 3.2 Spatial Operations.- 3.3 Schema.- 3.4 Queries.- 4. Physical Database Design.- 4.1 Representation of a VOLUME.- 4.2 Representation of a REGION.- 4.3 Conclusions.- 5. System Issues.- 5.1 Starburst Extensions.- 5.2 System Architecture.- 6. Performance Experiments.- 6.1 Experimental Environment.- 6.2 Single-study Queries.- 6.3 Multi-study Queries.- 6.4 Results from the Performance Experiments.- 7. Conclusions and Future Work.- Retrieval of Pictures Using Approximate Matching.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Picture Representation.- 3. User Interface.- 4. Computation of Similarity Values.- 4.1 Similarity Functions.- 4.2 Object Similarities.- 4.3 Similarities of Non-spatial Relationships.- 4.4 Spatial Similarity Functions.- 5. Conclusion.- Ink as a First-Class Datatype in Multimedia Databases.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Ink as First-Class Data.- 2.1 Expressiveness of Ink.- 2.2 Approximate Ink Matching.- 3. Pictographic Naming.- 3.1 Motivation.- 3.2 A Pictographic Browser.- 3.3 The Window Algorithm.- 3.4 Hidden Markov Models.- 4. The ScriptSearch Algorithm.- 4.1 Definitions.- 4.2 Approaches to Searching Ink.- 4.3 Searching for Patterns in Noisy Text.- 4.4 The ScriptSearch Algorithm.- 4.5 Evaluation of ScriptSearch.- 4.6 Experimental Results.- 4.7 Discussion.- 5. Searching Large Databases.- 5.1 The HMM-Tree.- 5.2 The Handwritten Trie.- 5.3 Inter-character Strokes.- 5.4 Performance.- 6. Conclusions.- Indexing for Retrieval by Similarity.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Shape Matching.- 2.1 Rectangular Shape Covers.- 2.2 Storage Structure.- 2.3 Queries.- 2.4 Approximate Match.- 2.5 An Example.- 2.6 Experiment.- 3. Word Matching.- 4. Discussion.- Filtering Distance Queries in Image Retrieval.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Spatial Access Methods and Image Retrieval.- 2.1 Query Processor.- 2.2 Image Objects and Spatial Predicates.- 3. Snapshot.- 3.1 Regular Grid with Locational Keys.- 3.2 Clustering Technique.- 3.3 Extensible Hashing.- 3.4 Organization of Snapshot.- 4. Filtering Metric Queries with Snapshot.- 4.1 Search Algorithm.- 4.2 Min Algorithm.- 5. Optimization of Spatial Queries.- 6. Conclusions and Future Work.- Stream-based Versus Structured Video Objects: Issues, Solutions, and Challenges.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Stream-based Presentation.- 2.1 Continuous Display.- 2.2 Pipelining to Minimize Latency Time.- 2.3 High Bandwidth Objects and Scalable Servers.- 2.4 Challenges.- 3. Structured Presentation.- 3.1 Atomic Object Layer.- 3.2 Composed Object Layer.- 3.3 Challenges.- 4. Conclusion.- The Storage and Retrieval of Continuous Media Data.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Retrieving Continuous Media Data.- 3. Matrix-Based Allocation.- 3.1 Storage Allocation.- 3.2 Buffering.- 3.3 Repositioning.- 3.4 Implementation of VCR Operations.- 4. Variable Disk Transfer Rates.- 5. Horizontal Partitioning.- 5.1 Storage Allocation.- 5.2 Retrieval.- 6. Vertical Partitioning.- 6.1 Size of Buffers.- 6.2 Data Retrieval.- 7. Related Work.- 8. Research Issues.- 8.1 Load Balancing and Fault Tolerance Issues.- 8.2 Storage Issues.- 8.3 Data Retrieval Issues.- 9. Concluding Remarks.- Querying Multimedia Databases in SQL.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Automobile Multimedia Database Example.- 3. Logical Query Language.- 4. Querying Multimedia Databases in SQL.- 5. Expressing User Requests in SQL.- 6. Conclusions.- Multimedia Authoring Systems.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Underlying Tech…