Molecular Basis of Thyroid Hormone Action

Molecular Basis of Thyroid Hormone Action focuses on the actions of thyroid hormones in eukaryotic cells. This book discusses the profound effects of thyroid hormones on the growth, development, and metabolism of practically all tissues of higher organisms.
Organized into 15 chapters, this volume starts with an overview of the kinetic interrelationships of hormone bound to specific receptors and hormone associated with other tissue and plasma pools in living animals. This book then discusses the thyroid hormone receptor, a chromatin-associated protein that appears to mediate the actions of the thyroid hormones in mammalian cells. Other chapters consider the localization of the receptors in chromatin. This book further discusses how thyroid hormones stimulate the accumulation of specific mRNA molecules in cell culture as well as in tissues in vivo.
This book is intended for readers who are interested in cell and molecular biology. Endocrinologists will also find this book extremely useful.

Contenu

Contributors

Preface

1 The Nuclear Receptor-Triiodothyronine Complex: Relationship to Thyroid Hormone Distribution, Metabolism, and Biological Action

I. Introduction

II. Distribution and Metabolism of the Thyroid Hormones

III. Kinetic Relationship of Nuclear T3 to Other T3 Pools

IV. The Initiating Role of the Nuclear Binding Site

V. Quantitative Relationship between Nuclear Occupancy and Response

VI. Lag Time of Thyroid Hormone Effects

VII. Concluding Remarks

References

2 Identification and Characterization of Thyroid Hormone Receptors and Action Using Cell Culture Techniques

I. Introduction

II. Biological Effects of Thyroid Hormone in Cell Culture

III. Identification and Characterization of Thyroid Hormone Receptors in Cultured Cells

IV. Modulation of Thyroid Hormone Nuclear Receptor Levels

V. Summary and Conclusions

References

3 Physicochemical Characterization of the Intranuclear Thyroid Hormone Receptor

I. Introduction

II. Intranuclear Localization of the Thyroid Hormone Receptor

III. DNA Binding Properties of the Receptor

IV. Physical Characteristics of the Solubilized Nuclear Receptors

V. Interaction of the Solubilized Nuclear Receptor with Thyroid Hormone

VI. Purification of the Nuclear Thyroid Hormone Receptor

VII. Summary

References

4 Thyroid Hormone Receptor Synthesis and Degradation and Interaction with Chromatin Components

I. Introduction

II. Quantitation of Receptor Half-Life and Estimation of Synthetic Rates Using Dense Amino Acid Labeling in GH1 Cells

III. Organization of the Receptor in Chromatin

IV. Summary and Conclusions

References

5 Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Interrelationships

I. Coordination of Thyroid Hormone-Induced Changes in Nuclear RNA Synthesis and Cytoplasmic Protein Synthesis

II. Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Thyroid Hormone Binding Proteins

III. Summary and Speculation

References

6 Effects of Thyroid Hormones on Cellular RNA Metabolism

I. Introduction

II. General RNA Effects

III. Specific Model Systems for Studying Thyroid Hormone Action

IV. Conclusions

References

7 Role of Thyroid Hormone in the Expression of aa2u-Globulin and Other Multihormonally Regulated Genes

I. Introduction

II. a2u-Globulin and Its Hepatic Synthesis

III. Purification of the Messenger RNA for a2u-Globulin and Cloning of the Double-Stranded cDNA

IV. Role of Androgenic and Estrogenic Steroids in the Hepatic Synthesis of a2u-Globulin

V. Multihormonal Regulation of a2u-Globulin

VI. Involvement of Thyroid Hormone in the Regulation of Several Other Multihormonally Regulated Genes

VII. Concluding Remarks

References

8 Regulation of Malic Enzyme in Hepatocytes in Culture: A Model System for Analyzing the Mechanism of Action of Thyroid Hormone

I. Introduction

II. Regulation of Malic Enzyme Activity in Culture

III. Turnover of Malic Enzyme in Hepatocytes in Culture

IV. Inhibitor and Kinetic Experiments

V. A Long-Lived Intermediate in Thyroid Hormone Action

VI. Effect of Thyroid Hormone on Other Lipogenic Enzymes

VII. Relationship between Regulation of Fatty Acid Biosynthesis and Regulation of Malic Enzyme Synthesis

VIII. Physiological and Teleological Significance

References

9 Thyroid Hormone-Carbohydrate Interaction

I. General Review

II. Regulation of Hepatic Lipogenic Enzymes Responsive to Both T3 and Carbohydrate

III. Concluding Remarks

References

10 Regulation of Thermogenesis by Thyroid Hormones

I. Cellular Metabolic Heat Production

II. Thyroid Thermogenesis and the Na+ Pump

III. Thyroid Involvement in Cold Acclimation

IV. The Genetically Obese (ob/ob) Mouse

V. Possible Role of Na+ Transport and Thyroid Hormone in the Evolutionary Transition from Poikilothermy to Homeothermy

References

11 The Effects of Thyroid Hormone on Adrenergic Receptors

I. Introduction

II. Effects of Thyroid Hormone on Adrenergic Receptors in the Heart

III. Effects of Thyroid Hormone on Adrenergic Receptors in Adipose Tissue

IV. Effects of Thyroid Hormone on Adrenergic Receptors in Other Tissues

V. Conclusions

References

12 Intrapituitary Mechanisms in the Control of TSH Secretion

I. Introduction

II. Physiological Studies on the Relationships among Serum Thyroid Hormone Concentrations, Thyroid Metabolic Status, and TSH Secretion

III. Studies of T3 and T4 in Pituitary Tissue

IV. Studies of Pituitary T4 to T3 Conversion in Vitro

V. Physiological and Clinical Implications of Pituitary T4 to T3 Conversion

References

13 Thyroid Hormone Regulation of Thyrotropin Production and Interaction with Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone in Thyrotropic Cells in Culture

I. Introduction

II. Thyrotropic Tumor (TtT) Cell Culture System

III. Characterization of Putative Nuclear Receptors for Thyroid Hormones in TtT Cells

IV. Effects of Thyroid Hormones on TRH Action in TtT Cells

V. Summary and Conclusions

14 Effect of Thyroid Hormone on Growth and Development

I. Introduction

II. Growth

III. Skeletal Growth and Maturation

IV. Central Nervous System

V. Lung

VI. Conclusion

References

15 Thyroid Hormone Action in Amphibian Metamorphosis

I. Introduction

II. General Pattern of Development of Anuran Amphibia

III. Thyroid Function and Circulating Hormone Levels in Anuran Amphibia

IV. Effects of Thyroid Hormone in Anuran Amphibia

V. Thyroid Hormone Receptors in Amphibian Tissues

VI. Relative Importance of T4 and T3 in Amphibia

VII. Concluding Comments

References

Index